Ap world unit 0

Prehistoric

No written language

Artifacts

Objects made by ppl

Artifacts and remains

How do we learn abt this time period by studying______

Helps us trace movements trade and technolgy

Homo sapiens sapiens

Modern humans

200,000 and 100,000 years ago

Modern humans first arrived in East Africa between

Hunter-foragers

They survived by hunting animals and foraging for seeds, nuts, fruits, and edible roots ( also called hunter-gatherers )

FOR FOOD

Why did people first migrate

Climate change

Caused many people to move near/away from the equator depending on what was needed if food moved so did the people

Nomadic hunters

Follow animals across land that is now submerged but it was a bridge between Asia and the America

10,000 BCE

Humans on every continent expect Antarctica

The Paleolithic period

Began 2.5 million years ago and ended abt 10,000 years ago (8000 BCE) first years of human history — also called Stone Age bc used stone tools also tools from wood, animal bones, and antlers

Adapting technology

Tundra = scrapes

Tropics = nets for catching fish

Pacific Ocean = rafts

Forests = axes

Control of fire

• light to allow them to see better when the sun went down

• Heat so they could live in colder climates than before

• Protection against wild animals

• Smokey to pacify bees, which made getting honey easier

• Help in hunting by scalding animals to race to their death over a cliff

• Cooking food

Nuclear family

Center of society, when then expanded outward to include ties between related families

Kinship group

Several related families that moved together in search of food, self sufficient, 20-40 ppl

Clan

Larger group of relatives of a kinship group

Tribe

Multiple clans combined, led by chiefs and priests

Patriarchal

Society dominated by men

Paleolithic Men

Hunted, warfare, and heavy labor

Paleolithic Women

Gather and prepare food and looked after the children

Animism

Belief that animals rivers and other elements of nature embody spirts

Shamans

Religious leaders with special abilities to cure the sick and influence the future

Neolithic revolution

Around 10,000 years ago (8000 B.C.E.), as the climate was warming up from an Ice Age, a collection of social and political developments coalesced into what is called

Neolithic revaluation in china

5000 bce

Neolithic revolution in the Middle East

8000 bce

Agriculture

After the ice age, the practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis

Surplus

More than they needed for themselves

Diets in Neolithic

cultivating just one or two plants, they eliminated other plants that had been part of people's diets, less diverse diets

Domestication

Taming wild animals

Nomadic pastoralism or pastoralism

Leading large herds of animals form one grazing land to another

9000 to 6000 bce

Most domestication of plants and animals EVERYWHERE

Artisans

people who made objects people needed, such as woven clothe or pottery.

Merchants

people who buy and sell goods for a living.

Specialization of labor

allowing people ot focus on limited tasks, huge impact

Writing

Marked transition from prehistory to history

Social stratification

people accumulated wealth in the form of jewelry and other coveted items and by building larger and better decorated houses

Jericho

Oldest city, at bank of Jordan river, dates. Back to 9000 bce

Catal huyuk

In turkey dates back to 7500 bce, river has since dried up

Government

The more land you known the more power you had

Over farming

To much farming = unfertiliy land

Fallow

Fertilizer with animal poop

Over grazing

continual eating of grasses or their roots, without allowing them to regrow.

Religious ceremonies

Special priests and priestesses to help crops grown

Religious beliefs

600 bce

Monotheism

Worship one identity

Zoroastrianism

focused on the eternal battle between two forces, one good and one evil.

Textiles

Items made from cloth

Metallurgy

Science of studying metals

Copper

Found in a pure state in the ground

Bronze

Melting tin and copper together

Bronze age

3300 to 2300 bce

Civilization

Large society with cities and powerful states

Socio-economic classes

human impact on the environment became more intense, government and religious and military institutions became larger and more complex, and trade incre Weathly vs poor

First civilizations

Mesopotamia, Nile river valley, huang he river valley, Indus River valley, Mesoamerica, Andes mountains

Mesopotamia

area between Tigris and Euphrates rivers from modern turkey through Iraq and empty into the Persian gulf, literally translates to “between rivers”

The cradle of civilization

Mesopotamia other name

fertile crescent

overlaps with Mesopotamia but also includes the west along the Mediterranean coast

farming in Mesopotamia

Frequent flooding left silt which made the soil very fertile and a warm climate

sumerians

Sometime before 5000 BCE

Nomadic pastoralists

Lived in Mesopotamia

sumer

build by the Sumerians

cities, canals, dams

First complex govt

Core foundation of several other civilizations in the Middle East

3000 BCE sumerians

cities between 2000-10000

uruk

2700 BCE largest Sumer city had a population of of 50000

city-state

each Sumerian city formed one with the land it controlled —- typically several hundred square miles

Independent With own govt

Rulers were preists

Preists — assigned Fields to farmers distributed the harvested crops at the cities temple and managed all trade

war why sumer

compete for land and water

Resulted in miliatary rulers being more import then priests

Kings

military rulers ruled over land called kingdoms

Also high priests

Perceived as being a direct link between people and gods

Sumer religion

polytheistic

sumer gods

people believed that:

Controlled natural forces

People would pray the gods would cause the rivers to flood at the right times to grow crops

Temples and altars

Would get punished for bad behavior

Dead=dust — no after life or reward/punishment after death

ziggurats

temples and altars in large stepped pyramids

Sumer Division of labor

FARMING AG SURPLUS

Pottery wove cloth cast utensils in bronze etc

trade sumer

Ag surplus let them

Sailed seven person cones into the Mediterranean Sea and through Persian gulf and into Arabian Sea

Gold from Egypt and Persian

Beads, wood, resin, lapis lazuli, and obsidian from southeastern africa

Pearls copper and ivory from India

Sumer wealth gap

nobles and wealthy land owners joined priests and kings at top of society

Middle class merchants farmers and professionals such as architects

Hired workers were lower class

Bottom of society = slaves

Women in sumer

upperclass women had some freedom—could own property + have incomes

Boys could attend school women studied at home

Men arranged marriages

cuneiform

Worlds first writing system made by Sumer

Words carved into wet stone

scribes

people who were in charge of record-keeping and writing history + myths

sumer tech

12 month calendar

Metal plow

Sundials

Carts

Number system based on 60

The epic of gilgamesh

Taught historians about Mesopotamia

About adventures a king went on

Sumer decline

good crops and independent city states easy to invade

2300 BCE

composite bow

Developed in Mesopotamia

Used animal bone to make stronger

Babylonians

persia people who invaded Mesopotamia

Made capital called Babylon

1900 BCE

empire

large territory that included diverse cultural groups

King Hammurabi

babylonians most powerful king

Ruled for more than 40 years till abt 1750 BCE

Conquered all of Mesopotamia

Abolished local govt

Appointed officials that were only responsible to him

Tax system

the code of hammurabi

282 laws carved into stone monuments

Dealt with property rights, wages, contracts marriage and various crimes

Build on idea “An eye for an eye” — u kill my wife i get to kill ur wife

Brought stability and justice to society

Babylonian society and culture

patriarchal society dominated by men

Parents arranged marriages

Adapted Sumer beliefs

Astronomy and astrology

Women could leave husbands and could be merchants traders or scribes, if she left husbands she could take the property with her

the Phoenicians

lived in modern day Lebanon, Israel and Jordan around 3000 BCE

Traded through Mediterranean Sea

Peaked during 1200-1100BCE

Carthage

a Phoenician colon on the coast of North Africa

Significant outpost of the region

alphabetic script

22 letters

Made by Phoenicians

Around 1000 BCE

Now used around the world

the hebrews

later known as Jews

Created Old Testament

Canaan

Founded by Abraham who left Mesopotamia to settle in irae Palestine and Lebanon in 2000 BCE

Abraham

muslims Jews Christian’s all trace religious heritage to him

ten commandemnets

code of conduct from Moses

dispora jew

jews kept being discriminated so had to leave a lot

Nile river

begins in Africa and flows north to empty into the Mediterranean Sea

Ideal for ag

Annual floods

NRV ag

6000 BCE or 5000BCE

Grew wheat and barley and gourd and watermelon, sorghum and raised donkeys and cattle

early Egyptian civilizations

became core and foundation of later ways of life in the Mediterranean world

desertifcation

north africa around 5000 BCE

Savanna was shrinking Sahara was growing larger and drier

Egytains

took influence from Sumer and dug irrigation canals to spread flood waters and increase the amount of land they could farm

NRV transport and trade

wind blows south so early Egyptians could use the NVR to transport with sailing

1300 yrs

how long before first invasion of Egypt due to such dry land

early govt In Egypt

Lower Egypt — north

Upper Egypt — south

King means

Who United Kingdom’s in 3100 BCE

Also established capital in Memphis