WMAN 150 Final Exam (WVU)

Biological station

managed mainly for science

Wilderness area

managed mainly for wilderness (ex. Cibola)

National park

ecosystem protection and recreation (ex. Yellowstone)

National monument

conservation of specific natural features or a landmark (ex. Devil's Tower)

Habitat/species management area

conservation through intervention (ex. Indian Creek Wildlife Area)

Protected landscape/seascape

conservation and recreation (ex. Deerfield beach)

Managed resource protected area

sustainable use of natural ecosystems (ex. Idaho Panhandle National Forest)

Marine Protected Areas (MPA)

areas where resources are given more protection than surrounding waters

MPA classification system

-Conservation focus

-Level of protection

-Permanence and constancy of protection

-Ecological scale of protection

How are protected areas established?

-Government action

-Land purchases

-Customs of Indigenous people

-Biological field stations

What should be protected (by protected areas)?

utility, endangerment, and distinctiveness (ex. Komodo dragons, Cheat salamander, Woodland caribou)

Wildlands Network

connects core reserves with wildways; little human activity in core reserves

What are "the Four R's"?

1. Representation

2. Resiliency

3. Redundancy

4. Reality

Large reserves will hold (more/less) species.

more

Reserve design should . . .

-be as large as possible

-protection of adjacent lands

-well-managed small reserves have value

-climate change will change ecosystems

Habitat corridors

strips of land running between protected areas

What are some downsides of habitat corridors?

-Must be customized - grizzlies, wolves, elk, and deer would require wide overpasses, while black bears and cougars would require narrow overpasses

-Invasive species and disease

-Greater predation risk

-Expensive

What are SSPs?

Species Survival Plans

What do SSPs do?

manage breeding of species, began in 1981, reintroduction projects

What is the AZA?

Association of Zoos and Aquariums

What are some captive breeding methods?

cross-fostering, artificial incubation, artificial insemination, embryo transfer

What are some limitations of captive breeding?

cost, surplus animals, genetic variability, adaptation, learning skills (parrot example)

What are the two types of controlling threats?

additive and compensatory mortality

Additive mortality

immediate reduction in survival

Compensatory mortality

no reduction in survival

Reintroduction

release within their historical range where the species no longer occurs (elk reintroduced to some eastern U.S. states)

Augmentation

release into an existing population to increase its size and gene pool (augmentation of blue wildebeests in South Africa)

Introduction

release to areas outside of their historical range (red deer and fallow deer from Central Europe introduced to New Zealand)

What is the ESA?

Endangered Species Act

"Experimental, essential"

critical to survival of endangered species; protection same as natural populations

"Experimental, nonessential"

not critical to survival; not protected under ESA

Giving a red wolf puppy to a different mother is an example of . . .

a. Cross-fostering

b. Headstarting

c. Artificial insemination

d. Embryo transfer

a. Cross-fostering

Lacey Act (1900)

prohibits trade in wildlife, fish, and plants that have been illegally taken, possessed, transported, or sold; 2008 amendment includes timber

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918)

all native migratory birds and their parts are fully protected

Marina Mammal Protection Act (1972)

prohibits the take of marine mammals

Endangered Species Act (1973)

provides additional protection to threatened and endangered species

Endangered species

in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range

Threatened species

likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future

A species can become threatened or endangered due to . . .

overexploitation, disease, excessive predation, present or threatened destruction of habitat, inadequate regulatory mechanisms, or other natural or manmade factors

Habitat

abiotic and biotic setting that currently or periodically contains the resources and conditions necessary to support one or more life processes of a species

Critical habitat

essential to the conservation of the species

Section 7 of ESA

any action authorized, funded, or carried out by a federal agency shall ensure it is not likely to: 1.) jeopardize the continued existence of any listed species, or 2.) result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat (ex: sonar training)

Section 9 of ESA

protection of private lands; unlawful for any person to take any such species

Section 9 - "Take"

harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, kill, wound, trap, capture, collect or attempt to do any of these things

Section 9 - "Harm"

significant habitat modification where it kills or injures wildlife by significantly impairing essential behavioral patterns

Advantages of state ESAs

greater local control of species, ability to protect locally endangered species, does not replace federal level of ESA

Clean Water Act (1972)

prevents water pollution by regulating "navigable waters"; administered by EPA

Wetland protection

protected waters are navigable waters

Clean Water Rule (2015)

isolated wetlands are protected when they influence downstream waters; never went into effect and was repealed

What wetland protection rule was proposed in 2020?

Navigable Waters Protection Rule

Navigable Waters Protection Rule (2022)

adjacent wetlands protected if:

relatively permanent OR significant nexus OR adjacent to traditional navigable water

Co-management

sharing of decisions and consequences of management decisions

Traditional societies avoid _________________ .

ecocolonialism

What are some good governance principles for protected areas?

direction, accountability, consideration rights, information sharing

Integrated Conservation Development Products (ICDPs)

integrating economic needs of community with conservation

International Conservation

treaties, conventions, and agreements that enforce and uphold conservation priorities in:

-international trade

-protecting global biodiversity

-encouraging international collaboration

International Trade

import and export of natural resources and their by-products

What are pros of international trade?

provides and regulates resources across countries; introduction/reintroduction of species

What are cons of international trade?

can introduce invasive species or new diseases to other countries; drug transport and criminal involvement can interfere with trade

Impacts in one area/ecosystem can have _________ effects to other parts of our planet.

ripple

What does CITES stand for?

The Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

What is CITES?

an international agreement between countries ensuring that international trade of animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species

How many species are protected by CITES?

36,000 (3 appendices)

More than ____________ are threatened by extinction.

33,000

What is the Living Planet Index (LPI)?

tracks the abundance of mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians across the globe

Which region of the world has suffered the largest decline in biodiversity?

Latin America and the Caribbean

Restoration

return to previous condition

Reclamation

return land to some type of use

Mitigation

reducing effects of an action

Large Woody Debris (LWD)

crucial for channel morphology; can be used to increase sinuosity

Settling ponds

reduce heavy metals entering streams, fine particulates that enter the water system

Pond size is related to _______________ __________ .

drainage area

Limestone is used to buffer ____________ from acid mine drainage or acid precipitation.

acidity (low pH)

Rock veins

mitigate sediment deposition; force water into one area

Surface Mine Control and Reclamation Act (SMRCA)

controls current mines and builds funds for reclamation of abandoned mines

What are the 3 main goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)?

1. Conservation of biodiversity

2. Sustainable use

3. Sharing benefits from genetic resources equitably

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention)

focus on Appendix I and II species - terrestrial, aquatic, and avian migratory species

Integrated Conservation Development Projects (ICDPs)

integrating economic needs of community with conservation