Biological Principles Unit 2 Lec. 2

What do animal cells not have?

• Chloroplasts

• Central Vacuole

• Cell Wall

• Plasmodesmata

What do plant cells not have?

• Lysosomes

• Centrioles

• Flagella (in some plant sperm)

How does the cell control what goes in and out of the cell?

Cell Membrane- made up of a double layer of phospholipids.

Phospholipids have 2 sections apart of it what are they?

• Hydrophilic Heads

• Hydrophobic Tails

What does the Plasma Membrane contain?

Lipids an d cholesterol which gives the membrane fluidity depending on much there is and the temperature.

What are Transport Proteins?

A tunnel in the plasma membrane. Face/ touches both sides of membrane.

(Some only face on side)

What are Glycoproteins?

Sugars connected to proteins. They are used for recognition. Immune system knows about it for communication and recognition.

Plasma Membrane is always?

Fluid and Moving!

What are the functions of the Plasma Membrane?

It functions as a selective barrier that allows passage for oxygen, nutrients and waste for the whole cell.

The nucleus has two layers of?

Membranes

Inside the nucleus you can find?

DNA

The nuclear envelope is made up of a?

Double Membrane

What is Chromatin?

Found in the Nucleus and is an uncondensed form of DNA

(Spends most of its time in cells as this stage- cell will divide when DNA turns into chromosomes)

What is a Nucleolus?

Darker area inside nucleus - RNA and ribosomes found inside (RNA synthesis)

DNA in the nucleus can?

Replicate and makes proteins

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Made up of hollow membranes that have ribosomes attatched specifically is rough ER that produces proteins most likely exported out of cell.

There are two parts of Endoplasmic reticulum called?

Rough ER and Smooth ER

What is the function of Rough ER?

It has ribosomes which helps make proteins

What is the function of the Smooth ER?

Makes lipids and other molecules

The ER contains?

Vesicles that break away to transport within the cell.

What does Smooth ER contain?

• Lack of ribosomes

• Site of lipid synthesis

• Site of detoxification: Has enzymes that break alchohol down

What does Rough ER contain?

• Contains bound ribosomes

• Site of protein synthesis (secretory)(secretes out)

What are RIbsomes?

Can be bound to membranes or loose

• Ribosomes contain RNA and protein

• A ribosome is composed of two subunits that combine to carry out protein synthesis.

• RNA to make ribosomes comes from Nucleolus

• Ribosomes can be floating freely in cytosol.

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

• It processes, transforms proteins and synthesizes polysaccharides.

• Makes sugars when attached to proteins.

• Movement of vesicles(hollow) from cis(receiving) to trans (shipping).

What is the function of the vesicle?

Comes from ER and enters on cis side and later leaves though trans side which then the vesicle goes to the plasma membrane releasing whatever the vesicle carried to outside of cell.

What is the Lysosome?

The vesicle that is a membrane bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digests.

What is the path for the creation of a Lysosome?

DNA → RNA → goes to cytosol → connects to ribosome to make a protein → find rough ER with message → protein synthesized inside rough ER → vesicle leaves and goes to golgi apparatus and leaves as a lysosomes.

Lysosomes can be used for?

Digestion with outside food particles

What is Autophagy?

“Eating Itself” eats parts of cells that are targeted for destruction.

Lysosomes are only found in?

Animal Cells!

What is the Mitochondria?

• Produces energy!

• Site of cellular respiration (ATP production by “burning” fuel molecules.

• Has a double membrane with fluid within called Matrix

• Contains DNA

• Has rounded edges and inner curves called Cristy

It is said that a purple Sulfur Bacteria infected a Eukaryotic Cell that led to?

The Mitochondria

What are Peroxisomes?

• Generate and degrade H2O2 in performing various metabolic functions

• May detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds

What is the Cell Skeleton called?

The Cytoskeleton it is made up of proteins and gives the cell its shape! (Gelatin consistency)

What are the types of Cytoskeletons?

• Microfilaments

• Intermediate Filaments

• Microtubles

What is the structure of Microtubles?

Hollow tubes, consists of 13 columns of tubulin molecules

What is the function of Microtubles?

• Maintenance of cell shape

• Cell motility

• Chromosomes movements in cell division.

• Organelle movements

What is the structure of Microfilaments?

Two intertwined strands of actin.

What is the function of Microfilaments?

provide structural support for a cell, enable cell movement by facilitating shape changes, and play a crucial role in processes like cell division (cytokinesis) by forming contractile rings that pinch the cell in two

What is the structure of Intermediate Filaments?

a pair of two intertwined proteins, called a coiled-coil structure

The Cytoskeleton interacts with motor proteins to?

Promote movements usually ATP

Microtubles act as tracks that guide?

Motor proteins carrying organelles

Microfilaments are designed to?

Resist tension, the thinnest class of the cytoskeleton fibers, solid rods of the globular protein actin.

Muscle cells contain?

Thousands of actin filaments that are arranged parrallel to one another.

What are muscle cells?

Thicker filaments composed of motor proteins, myosin, interdigitate with the thinner actin

In animal cells the centrosome has a pair of?

Centrioles

9 triplets of microtubules make up?

Centrioles

Microtubules are the central structural supports in?

Flagella

The flagellum tip consists of how many microtubules?

9 doublets with 2 in center

(The base of a flagellum consists of 9 triplets - same as centriole!)