Chemistry in the 21st Century (OCR)

Introduction to 21st Century Chemistry

Chemistry that drives advancements in industry, healthcare, technology, and sustainability.

Role of Chemistry

Helps address challenges like pollution and climate change while improving materials, medicine, and energy sources.

Green Chemistry

Focuses on designing processes to reduce environmental impact, using renewable materials, and minimizing waste.

Biodegradable Plastics

Plastics designed to break down more quickly and reduce environmental pollution.

Non-toxic Solvents

Solvents that are less harmful to the environment and human health.

Energy-efficient Manufacturing

Processes designed to reduce energy consumption during production.

Nanotechnology

Manipulating materials at atomic or molecular scales to enhance properties.

Graphene

A single layer of carbon atoms known for its strength and conductivity.

Carbon Nanotubes

Cylindrical nanostructures of carbon atoms with unique mechanical and electrical properties.

Nanomedicine

The application of nanotechnology in medicine, including targeted drug delivery.

Shape-memory Alloys

Materials that can return to a predetermined shape when subjected to heat.

Self-cleaning Surfaces

Surfaces treated to repel dirt and contaminants, reducing maintenance needs.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Field focused on discovering and designing new medicines.

Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery

AI technology used to analyze data and predict molecular interactions with diseases.

Personalized Medicine

Medical treatment tailored to the individual patient's genetic profile.

mRNA Vaccines

Vaccines that use messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce a viral protein.

Antibiotic Development

The process of creating new antibiotics to combat resistant bacteria.

Sustainable Energy Solutions

Energy alternatives developed to replace fossil fuels.

Hydrogen Fuel Cells

Devices that convert hydrogen and oxygen into electricity, with water as the only byproduct.

Advanced Solar Panels

High-efficiency solar panels that convert sunlight into electricity more effectively.

Biofuels

Renewable fuels made from organic matter used as an alternative to fossil fuels.

Lithium-ion Batteries

Rechargeable batteries commonly used in portable electronics and electric vehicles.

Solid-state Batteries

Batteries that use solid electrolytes for improved safety and energy density.

Nuclear Fusion Research

Research aimed at harnessing nuclear fusion as a nearly limitless energy source.

Environmental Chemistry

The study of pollutants and their effects on the environment.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Technologies designed to capture and store carbon dioxide emissions.

Water Purification Techniques

Methods for removing contaminants from water to make it safe to drink.

Biodegradable Materials

Materials designed to decompose naturally in the environment.

Ozone Depletion

The reduction of the ozone layer caused by chemicals like CFCs.

Acid Rain

Precipitation that has a lower pH, affecting the environment and ecosystems.

Microplastics

Tiny plastic particles that can pollute water and soil.

Food Chemistry

The study of the chemical processes and interactions in food.

Food Safety

Practices aimed at preventing foodborne illnesses and ensuring safe consumption.

Advanced Fertilizers

Fertilizers designed to improve crop yields with minimal environmental impact.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Organisms whose genetic material has been altered for specific traits.

Lab-grown Meat

Meat produced by culturing animal cells in a lab instead of raising animals.

Fortified Foods

Foods enriched with additional nutrients to combat deficiencies.

AI in Chemistry

The use of artificial intelligence to accelerate chemical research and processes.

CRISPR Gene Editing

A precise method for modifying DNA, used in medicine and agriculture.

Self-Healing Materials

Materials capable of automatically repairing damage.

Lab-on-a-Chip

Miniaturized devices for rapid medical tests using minimal resources.

Ethical Issues in Chemistry

Concerns arising from gene editing, AI in medicine, and chemical safety.

Waste Management

Processes for safely disposing of or recycling industrial waste.

Resource Scarcity

The limited availability of essential elements for technology and energy.

Antibiotic Resistance

The ability of bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment, making infections harder to treat.

Climate Change Impact

The effects of rising temperatures and extreme weather on chemical production and resources.

Innovation in 21st Century Chemistry

The advancements in chemistry that drive sustainability and technology.

Future Trends in Chemistry

Emerging areas of research and development in the field of chemistry.

Chemistry and Quality of Life

The influence of chemical advancements on improving human health and well-being.

Chemistry in Global Issues

The role of chemistry in addressing challenges like climate change and disease prevention.