Advanced Placement Biology 2 Final Exam Study Material

What 2 parts make up the CNS

brain and spinal cord

What is the difference between autonomic and somatic nerv system

involuntary vs voluntary

What way do efferent nerves conduct impulses

Away from the CNS

1 multiple choice option

What way do afferent nerves conduct impulses

toward the CNS

1 multiple choice option

What are the 3 pars of the neuron?

soma

dendrites

axon

When sodium ions flow into the cell by passive diffusion what is occuring

depolarization

1 multiple choice option

When is the neuron sensitive to additional stiumuli, the cell is is in depol

refractory period

Where does salutatory conduction occur?

Nodes of Ranvier

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

presynaptic neuron

1 multiple choice option

Acetylcholine is either excitatory or inhibitory, where in the body is it excitatory?

at the junction between somatic motor neurons and the muscles

Which inhibitory neurotransmitter is found in the spinal cord?

glycine

1 multiple choice option

What are the 4 parts of the brain?

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem

What part of the brain relates with higher thinking and awareness

cerebrum

What part of the brain relates with balance and movement

cerebellum

What part of the brain is the passageway between brainstem and cerebrum

diencephalon

What part of the brain connects the head to the spinal cord?

brainstem

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

thalamus

hypothalamus

pituitary

What are the parts of the brainstem?

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Are the cranial nerves apart of the CNS or PNS?

PNS

What is the difference between myelinated and unmyelinated

white is myelinatedn (fat/fast)

grey is unmyelinated

What layer of the meninges is very thin and attaches directly to the surface of the spinal cord

pia mater

What type of matter is the cortex of the spinal cord made up of?

white matter

What kind of fibers do dorsal nerve roots contain?

sensory fibers

1 multiple choice option

which kind of digestion involves the physical breakdown of food into smaller parts

mechanical digestion

1 multiple choice option

What are the 4 layers of the intestinal tract wall

mucosa

submucosa

muscle layer

mesentary

When circular muscle fibers contract they ___________ the tract

narrow

When longitudal muscle fibers contract they ___________ the tract

shorten

There are two plexuses in the enteric nerv system, which one controls mvmt of the GI tract through local reflexes

myenteric

Deglutition happens in 3 stages, which stage is voluntary?

first stage

What is the semiliquid stage that food leaves the stomach into the duodenum

chyme

What cells in the body of the stomach produce HCL

parietal cells

What affect does the parasympathetic nerv system have of gastric motility

increases contractions

What substance is secreted continuously in the stomach and provides a protective coating for the stomach against the acidic gastric environment

mucus

What type of contraction slows and mixes intestinal contents

segmental contraction

What is another term for microvilli

brush borders

Which pancreatic enzyme helps convert starch into disaccharide

amylase

T/F?

Carnivores have a well developed cecum

false

Which organ produces bile acids that aid in the digestion of fats

Where does meiosis occur?

gametes

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

seminiferous tubules

What is the name of the meshwork of veins that surround the testicular artery and warms blood back to body temp before it returns to the abdomen

paminiform plexus

The "nurse" cells to young, immature spermatids are the:

sertoli cells

What part of the spermatozoa contains the nucleus

head

What part of the spermatozoa contains the mitochondria

midpiece

What is the name of the only accessory repro gland in the canine

prostate gland

What species has an os penis?

canine

Where does oogensis occur in females

ovarian follicle

Which 2 hormones does the developing ovary produce

estrogen and progestin

Multiparous species have _______ ova per cycle

multiple

Uniparous species have _______ ova per cycle

one

The rise of which hormone causes ovulation to occur?

LH

What is the functional unit of the kindey

nephron

what species lacks a renal pelvis

cattle

Which kidney is more cranial in most mammalian species

right

The kidneys sit ___________

retroperitoneal

Are kindeys under parasympathetic or sympathetic nerve control?

sympathetic

What 2 factors affect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

fenestrations and BP

Sodium is a cotransport that allows ________ and ______ to passively enter the cell

glucose and amino acids

3 multiple choice options

Angiotenstion 2 decreases GFR by causing _________ to the afferent arteriole

vasoconstriction

The anti-diuretic hormone acts on the DCT and the _________ to promote facultative water reabsorption

collective ducts

The parathyroid hormone release (increase/decrease) the reabsorption of magnesium

increases

T/F?

A sense of hearing relies on mechanical stimuli.

true

The most medial bone of the ear is the:

stapes

T/F?

There is an interaction between smell and taste sensations that occurs in the oropharynx.

false

The __________ membrane rubs against the hair-like projections in the organ of Corti to produce nerve impulses.

Tectorial

Modulation of pain sensation occurs in the:

spinal cord

Which dog breed is renowned for its smelling abilities?

bloodhound

Animals can better detect pheromones because they have well-developed:

Vomeronasal organ

Which of the following senses relies on chemical stimulus?

taste

Which of the following senses is a "special" sense?

smell

Visceral sensations primarily respond to:

stretch

The openings in the abdominal muscles through which the testes descend.

Inguinal rings

The fimbriae are associated with which part of the female reproductive tract?

The oviducts

The portion of the spermatazoon that has a large concentration of mitochondria.

Midpiece

T/F?

Females continue to produce oocytes through their lifetime

false

Which species is considered to be seasonally polyestrous?

Ovine

The fluid-filled portion in the developing follicle is known as the

antrum

LH and FSH are released from the _________ gland

Pituitary

Where does fertilization typically take place?

The oviducts

Oogenesis from a primary oocyte creates _____ ova/ovum

1

Which of the following animals has an os penis?

Walrus

Just prior to ovulation, the granulosa cells of the graafian follicle are releasing large volumes of which hormone?

Estrogen

Which structure separates the uterus from the exterior environment?

Cervix

The area where spermatazoa are stored and mature

Epididymis

The corpus __________ creates large volumes of progestins, which are necessary for maintaining pregnancy

Luteum

T/F?

The part of the broad ligament that extends out to attach to the ovaries and suspend them in place is known as the round ligament

false

Which of the following hormones would be considered an androgen?

Testosterone

If an animal has "XX" as their sex chromosomes, genetically that animal is a:

female

If an animal has "XY" as their sex chromosomes, genetically that animal is a:

male

The thick outer sheath-like layer of the testes is the

Parietal vaginal tunic

What type of cells line the renal pelvis?

transitional

A renal corpuscle is located in the renal ____________.

cortex

Where is the first stage of urine production?

Renal corpuscle

What makes up the glomerulus?

Glomerular capillaries

T/F?

All of the plasma is filtered out of the blood at the glomerular capillaries

false

Where do you find arterial blood?

Renal artery

Afferent arterioles

Efferent arterioles

Where is 65% of tubular re-absorption occur?

PCT

What regions of the nephron is water reabsorped?

Collecting Duct

DCT

PCT

Loop of Henle

Which two gases are produced during fermentation process in the ruminant?

Methane and Carbon Dioxide

Which of the following saliva glands are ventral to the parotid glands?

mandibular