AP World History review (copy) (copy)

Icons

Small pictures or symbols representing something.

Schism

A split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief.

Excommunicate

To be banned from a church or religious group, often as a punishment for violating its rules or doctrines.

Paganism

Nature-based spiritual paths that often emphasize the worship of multiple deities and the reverence of the earth.

Vassals

People who pledge loyalty to a lord in exchange for land and protection, forming the basis of feudal systems in medieval Europe.

Serfs

Peasants who worked the land in exchange for protection and the right to cultivate certain fields in the feudal system.

Norse

A group of Germanic peoples from Scandinavia known for their seafaring and exploration.

Clergy

Individuals within the religious hierarchy responsible for spiritual guidance and the administration of sacraments.

Papal

Anything that is ordered by the pope, including decrees and doctrines.

Succeeded

To take over or inherit the throne.

Humanism

An ethical stance that emphasizes the importance of individual experience and rational thought.

Chivalry

A moral and social code of conduct associated with knighthood that emphasizes virtues such as bravery and respect for women.

Textiles

Soft clothing made from fibers, critical for trade and cultural exchange throughout history.

Urbanization

The process of moving from farmland to cities, leading to changes in social structures and economies.

Feudalism

A social and economic system in medieval Europe characterized by relationships between lords and vassals.

Manors

Large estates that were the basic unit of feudal society, serving as centers of agricultural production.

The Crusades

A series of religious wars aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

The Renaissance

A cultural movement emphasizing a revival of classical learning, leading to advancements in art and science.

Abbasid Caliphate

A major Islamic caliphate known for its cultural and scientific advancements during the Golden Age of Islam.

Trans-Saharan Trade Route

A network of trade routes facilitating exchanges of goods and spread of Islam between West Africa and the Mediterranean.

Mali

A prominent West African empire known for its wealth and important centers for trade and education.

Ibn Battuta

A renowned Moroccan explorer known for documenting his extensive travels across the Islamic world.

Mansa Musa

The ninth emperor of the Mali Empire, famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca and immense wealth.

Timbuktu

A city in Mali that flourished as a trading post and center for culture and scholarship.

Genghis Khan

The Mongolian leader who founded the largest contiguous empire in history.

Kublai Khan

Grandson of Genghis Khan who expanded the Mongol Empire into China and promoted economic prosperity.

Osman I

Founder of the Ottoman Empire who initiated its expansion.

Tributary System

A political arrangement where surrounding regions pay tribute to a powerful empire.

Taj Mahal

A mausoleum built in India by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife.

Song Dynasty

Known for economic prosperity and technological innovations in China.

Chang-an

Capital of the Tang Dynasty and a major hub for trade.

Mahayana Buddhism

A major branch of Buddhism emphasizing compassion and the enlightenment of all beings.

Zen Buddhism

A school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing meditation and direct experience of enlightenment.

Shinto

An indigenous spirituality of Japan focusing on the worship of kami.

Tale of Genji

A classic Japanese novel often regarded as the world's first novel.

Ming Dynasty

Major Chinese dynasty known for trade expansion and cultural achievements.

Famine

A severe shortage of food leading to widespread hunger and death.

Eunuchs

Castrated men often serving in royal courts.

Missionaries

People sent to spread their religion, particularly during exploration.

Imperialism

The policy of a strong nation extending control over weaker territories.

Plantation

A large farm growing cash crops, often using enslaved labor.

Circumnavigate

To travel all the way around the Earth.

Duties (as in trade)

Taxes on imported or exported goods.

Scurvy

A disease caused by lack of vitamin C, common among sailors.

Galleons

Large sailing ships used for trade and exploration.

Suppress

To forcibly stop or put down.

Indentured laborers (servants)

People working for a set number of years in exchange for passage to a new land.

Cash Crop

A crop grown for profit rather than for food.

Sovereign

A ruler or state with complete political power.

Divine Right

The belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God.

Absolutism (absolute monarch)

A system of government where a monarch holds total power.

Conservatives

People favoring tradition and resisting change.

Liberal

People supporting political reform and individual freedoms.

Imam

A leader of prayer in Islam.

Metropolitan

Relating to a mother country in relation to its colonies.