APUSH Period 2 SFI's

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

Act of Toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Providence Colony

--Recognized the rights of American Indians and paid them for use of their land
--Allowed Catholics, Quakers, and jews to worship freely
--Combined with Portsmouth colony to form Rhode Island in 1644

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Antinomianism

An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.

Rhode Island Colony

Self-governing colony founded by Roger Williams in 1636; granted freedom for all religions and non-believers; religious toleration; disestablishment, universal suffrage for white males w/property qualifications; most democratic

Halfway Covenant

In the 1660s, people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal commitment to Christ. It was created because the next generation of colonists were less committed to religious faith, but churches still needed members

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Holy Experiment

name for William Penn's idea that people of different nationalities and religious beliefs could live peacefully together in his Pennsylvania colony

Charter of Liberties

In 1701, the Pennsylvania colony created this written constitution which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration

Religious Toleration

acceptance of people who held different religious beliefs

Established Church

A church given privileged legal status by the government. Historically, such established churches in Europe and America were supported by public taxes and were often the only legally permitted religious institutions.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god;" stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America

George Whitefield

Christian preacher whose tour of the English colonies attracted big crowds and sparked the First Great Awakening.

Cotton Mather

minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a scholar, one of first to promote vaccination of smallpox in the colonies when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed in witches, encouraged witch trials in salem

sectarian

Devoted to a particular religious sect, particularly when referring to religious involvement in politics

nonsectarian

Not limited to or associated with a particular religious denomination

Indentured Servants

Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor for a landowner; usually several years

Headright System

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people; the first known use of this in the colonies was in 1619

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Middle Passage

the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

Rice Plantations

These plantations grew food for the West Indies, and relied on slave labor. Found mostly in South Carolina.

Tobacco Plantations

This popular crop saved the Chesapeake and was able to be grown on both large and small landholdings. Both indentured servants and slaves were used as labor.

Subsistence Farming

farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced

Wampanoags

tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers

Metacom

Aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs; the war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

John Cabot

Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Pocahontas

Native American daughter of Chief Powhatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman; her brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Separatists

English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Mayflower

the ship in which the original Pilgrims sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620

Plymouth

Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony.

John Winthrop

Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, was instrumental in forming the colony's government; he envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Great Migration

1630s- 70,000 refugees left England for New World increasing population of New England.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

John Davenport

In 1637, he founded a settlement south of Hartford, by the name of New Haven

Connecticut Colony

Colony founded by Thomas Hooker in 1636; self-governing; origin of Fundamental Orders

New Hampshire Colony

1) 1623 Proprietary Colony led by Captian John Mason, fishing village.
2) 1638 Led by John Wheelwright called Exeter. Became a Royal Colony.

The Carolinas

1665 - Charles II granted this land to pay off a debt to some supporters. They instituted headrights and a representative government to attract colonists; produced rice to feed English colonies in the Caribbean

New York Colony

won in 1664 from Dutch; became English royal colony

New Jersey Colony

colony with a diverse population, including Dutch, Swedes, Finns, and Scots, Territory given to Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Territory was diverse religiously and ethnically.

Pennsylvania Colony

proprietary colony founded in 1683 by William Penn; settled by Quakers; bought lands from Indians and allowed religious freedom

Delaware Colony

Formed as part of Pennsylvania but became a separate colony in 1775 because Pennsylvania couldn't govern both areas. When the Dutch originally tried to settle this area the American Indians killed them all and burned down their settlement.

Georgia Colony

Colony founded by James Oglethorpe. Its first settlers were debtors and unfortunates ("worthy poor"). Tolerant to Protestants but not Catholics. Acted as a buffer between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Colonial Families

Family was very important in the colonies; couples married young and had many children. Most families lived on farms. Men worked, owned land, and dominated politics. Women did housework, educated the children, and worked with her husband.

Scots-Irish

Group that settled the frontier, made whiskey, and hated the British and other governmental authorities

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin; faced severe persecution in France…many fled to English colonies in North America

Dutch

founded New Amsterdam Colony…later lost it to the English…renamed New York

Swedes and Dutch

New Jersey was originally settled by these two peoples

Africans

brought to the New World as slaves

Social Mobility

the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society; this was more possible in the New World colonies than it was in Europe

Mayflower Compact (1620)

The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first representative assembly in the new world. Created due to distance between Great Britain and the colonies.

Sir William Berkeley

Royal Governor of Virginia who favored large plantation owners and did not support or protect smaller farms from Indian raids

Bacon's Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkeley for trying to appease the local Native Americans after they had attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

New England Confederation

Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

Frame of Government (1682)

This guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners and a written constitution; created by William Penn in the Pennsylvania Colony

Corporate Colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown

Royal Colonies

Colonies controlled by the British king through governors appointed by him and through the king's veto power over colonial laws.

Proprietary Colonies

Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king.

Chesapeake Colonies

Term for the colonies of Maryland and Virginia

Joint-Stock Company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Virginia Company

English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.

English Cultural Domination

Most of the population of the colonies was English, but Africans and Europeans created some diversity in the culture of the colonies.

Benjamin West

An Anglo-American self-taught painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American Revolution, West also painted the royal family of King George III and co-founded the Royal Academy of Arts

John Copley

Colonial painter who started off searching for families who wanted their portraits painted, but then established himself as a renowned artist after studying in Europe; Loyalist…fled to Europe during the American Revolution

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

Poor Richard's Almanack

Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense.

Phillis Wheatley

First African American female writer to be published in the United States. Her book Poems on Various Subjects was published in 1773, pioneered African-American literature. One of the most well- known poets in America during her day; first African American to get a volume of poetry published.

John Bartram

America's first botanist; traveled through the frontier collecting specimens.

professions; religion, medicine, law

the most respected careers in the 18th century colonies.

hereditary aristocracy

A form of government in which rule is in the hands of an "upper class" or aristocratic family. This inevitably means those with the power to hold wealth, and to define who shall remain in poverty and slavery; the American colonies broke away from this

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Andrew Hamilton

Defense attorney in the Zenger case who made the first step toward freedom of the press

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions; very popular among the leading colonists (later founders of the US)

Colonial Governors

In the royal colonies, these were appointed by the King; in the proprietary colonies, these were appointed by the proprietor; in Rhode Island and Connecticut, these were elected by popular vote

Colonial Legislatures

In every colony the lower of these two houses was elected; this lower house controlled taxes. Only in Rhode Island and Connecticut were the upper houses elected.

Town Meetings

A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.

County Government

In the southern colonies, the local government was carried on by a sheriff and other officials who served a large territory called a county

Limited Democracy

In the mid 18th century, colonial democracy was limited to mostly white men that owned land. Those barred from voting included white women, poor white men, all slaves, and most free blacks; typically, the elite in society held the powerful positions

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Two Treatises of Government

A book written by John Locke which stated details about natural rights and that people were born with and entitled to life, liberty, and property.

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown