AP HUG

**Social Norms**

ex: social indicators (literacy, education, etc.), demographic indicators (births, deaths, pop, etc.), gender, race, languages

Geo Category:

Social

relates to government, public affairs, laws, borders/territory, etc.

Geo Category:

Political

relates to monetary values

ex: standard of living, income, tariffs, GDP, unemployment, Imports/exports, etc.

Geo Category:

Economical

describes the natural world and/or the human impact

Geo Category:

Environmental

longitude/latitude, grid system, address

Absolute Location

compass direction

Absolute DIrection

measurement of space between two places

Absolute Distance

where a place is in relation to another place.

Relative Location

directions based on people’s surroundings and perception (left, right, down south)

Relative Direction

approximate measurement of space between two places **expressed in time, effort, or cost**

Relative Distance -

close together in high frequency

Clustered/concentrated/dense

far apart in low frequency

Dispersed/scattered/sparse

how high or low something occurs in relation to sea levels

Elevation Patterns

everything is related to everything else, BUT near things are more related than distant things

**Closer=more related**

Tobler’s 1st Law of Geography

as the distance grows, similarities/connections shrink.

\-caused by friction decay

Distance Decay

the further away, the more friction, and the less connection

Friction Decay

how people interact with the physical world

Define Human Environment Interaction (HUI)

Physical things people need to survive

\- water, fertile soil, food

Depend

Theory that the **physical environment** and available resources **determine survival** and cultural development

Environmental Determinism

theory that people can adapt to any environment

Possibilism

Map shows entire globe

Global Scale of Analysis

one country divided into areas such as states

National Scale of Analysis

Regions of Earth

ex: Middle East

World Regional Scale of Analysis

state or city divided into groups

ex: counties, neighborhoods, census tracts, etc.

Local Scale of Analysis

Regions of a country

ex: The South, The MidWest

Country Regional Scale of Analysis

different scales = different interpretations.

\
ex: US election maps shows Texas as red, but Texas election maps show part of Texas as red and part as blue

Scale Impacts Perspective

Events at one scale can affect another scale

\
ex: war in the Middle East (global scale) affects US gas prices (national scale)

Local Global Continuum (Interdependencies)

An area with similar characteristics that set it apart from other areas

Region

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\- high level of consistency and commonalities such as economic, social, political, or environmental characteristics that unify a space

\- borders do not change easily

Formal/Uniform Regions

\- connected by a hub, node, or center point

\- usually based on the movement of economic goods, transportation, and communications

Functional/Nodal Regions

\-based on peoples opinions NOT facts

\- borders vary per person

Vernacular/Perceptual Regions

Formal/Uniform

What type of region is this?

Uniform/Formal

What type of region is this?

Functional/Nodal

What type of region is this?

Vernacular/Perceptual

What type of region is this?

increased interaction around the world

Globalization

Divides Countries into 3 categories based on **economic values**, political influence, etc.

\- Core, Semi-Periphery, Periphery

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

Newly Industrialized Country (NIC)

\- indicators ranked in between Core and Periphery

\- exploits Semi-Periphery

\- B.R.IC.S M.I.N.T.

Semi-Periphery Countries

Developed Countries (MDC)

\- high development indicators

\- exploits Periphery and Semi-Periphery

Core Countries

Developing Countries (LDC)

\- low development indicators

\- relies on Core and Periphery

Periphery Countries

**B**razil, **R**ussia, **I**ndia, **C**hina, **S**outh Africa

**M**exico, **I**ndonesia, **N**igeria, **T**urkey

B.R.I.C.S. M.I.N.T.

Tropic of Cancer

What does this line represent?

Tropic of Cancer

What line is at 22.3 N?

Tropic of Capricorn

What line is at 22.3 S?

Arctic Circle

What line is at 66.5 N?

Antarctic Circle

What line is at 66.5 S?

Prime Meridian

What line is at 0 E or W?

Arctic and Antarctic circles

Where are high altitudes?

equator

Where are low altitudes?

Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn

Where are middle altitudes?

\- boundary from which each calendar day starts

\- west is ahead, east is behind

International Dateline

Large Scale maps

Which has more detail,

Large Scale of Small Scale Maps?

\- smaller areas

\- more detail

Large Scale maps

\- larger areas

\- less detail

Small Scale maps

Show a specific them or type of data

Thematic Maps

Man-Made Features

\- boundaries, roads, cities

Political Reference Map

Show where something is in space

Reference Map

Naturally Occurring Features

\- mountains, plains, rivers

Physical Reference Map

Bothe Man-Made and Naturally Occurring Features

Combined Reference Map

use **shading** to show different data levels

Choropleth Map

uses **dots** to dhow presence of quantity

Pindot/Dot Density Map

use proportionately scale symbols to represent value

**bigger symbol = bigger value**

Graduated Symbol Map

lines that connect equal points of value

ex: topography

Isoline Map

area sizes are scaled to data

bigger=more

Cartogram Map

shows movement and volume with different sized arrow

Flowline Map

Pindot

What type of map is this?

Cartogram

What type of map is this?

Flowline

What type of map is this?

Choropleth

What type of map is this?

Graduated Symbol

What type of map is this?

Isoline

What type of map is this?

\- satellites gather information on Earth

ex: Google Maps

Satellite Imagine

\- A computer system

\- determines the absolute location

\- creates multiOnline Mapping and Visualizationlayer maps for spatial observation

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ex: Google Earth, Arc GIS

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

\- satellite-based system

\- determines absolute location

GPS/Satellite Navigation Systems

\- collects data reflected from Earth

\- creates multi-layer 3D visual renderings

Remote Sensing

\- understanding that modern tech makes map-making easier

Online Mapping and Visualization

Spacial Anaylysis

Where something is and why

Four Most COmon Distortions

Shape, Area, Distance, Directions.

Cylindrical/Mercator Projection

\- Used in Maritime Navigation

\- preserves angles and directions

\- size is distorted

Conic Projections

Regional maps of mid-latitudes areas with East-West orientations

Map Projection

map formatting that makes an accurate 2D map of Earth

Plane/Polar/Azimuthal Projection

\-Used for Great Circle Routes

\-Distorted edge, especially around edges

Robinson Projection

\- smaller around mid-level and polar areas than the Mercator

\- more accurate shapes and sizes

Gall-Peters Projection

\- more balanced ratio between North and South Hemisphere’s to remove North centric bias.