Chemistry Lecture Notes

Flashcards for chemistry exam review.

Matter

Any substance with volume and mass

Physical Property

Any measurable property of a physical system

Density

Mass divided by volume

Physical Change

Change in physical properties without new products

Mass

The amount of matter in an object

Chemical Property

Ability to react and form new substances

Chemical Change

One or more new substances are formed

Volume

The amount of space a substance takes up

Model

Often miniature version of something

Scientific Theory

Supported explanation involving laws, hypotheses, and facts

Melting

Solid to liquid

Solidification

Liquid to solid

Condensation

Gas to liquid

Evaporation

Liquid to gas

Sublimation

Solid to gas

Deposition

Gas to solid

Qualitative Measurements

Described and compared using words

Quantitative Measurements

Have numeral values, need to be measured

Mixture

Two or more elements separated physically

Pure Substances

An element or a compound

Subatomic Particles

Smaller than an atom, building blocks

Quarks

Elementary particles that cannot be split apart

Gluons

The glue that holds quarks together

Leptons

Elementary particle that electrons are made up of

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) of Matter

Constant motion: Gas molecules are always moving. Negligible volume: Gas molecules are small compared to space between. No attractive/repulsive forces except during collisions. Collisions don't result in kinetic energy loss. Average kinetic energy is proportional to absolute temperature. Gas molecules move in straight lines unless they collide.

Phase Changes

When a substance's temperature changes enough

Electrons

Negative charge, rings around nucleus

Neutrons

Neutral charge, form clusters in nucleus

Nucleus

Tiny positively charged central core

Atom

The smallest part of an element

Protons

Positive charge, form clusters in nucleus

Element vs. Compound

Elements are pure; compounds are bonded elements

Matter (properties)

Mass and volume

Physical Changes (substances)

Appearance changes without new substances

Subatomic Particles (atom)

Protons, electrons, and neutrons

Extrinsic Property

Anything that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition

Intrinsic Property

A property that doesn't change based on the amount of a substance

Solid

Having a definite shape and volume

Liquid

Having a definite volume but no definite shape

Gas

Having no definite shape or volume

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Elements

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

Compound

A substance formed when two or more elements are chemically bonded together

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are physically mixed, but not chemically combined

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout

Distillation

A process that separates a mixture based on differences in boiling points

Filtration

A process that separates a solid from a liquid by passing the mixture through a porous material

Tyndall Effect

The scattering of light by particles in a colloid

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Solute

The substance that is dissolved in a solution

Solvent

The substance that dissolves the solute in a solution

Viscosity

A property of a liquid that describes its resistance to flow

Protons

Positive charge, form clusters in nucleus

Electrons

Negative charge, rings around nucleus