✨A & P 2 (Chapter 25: The Urinary System)

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The urinary system does all of the following except

A) contributing to stabilizing blood pH.

B) excreting excess albumin molecules.

C) eliminating organic waste products.

D) regulating blood volume.

E) regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes.

B) excreting excess albumin molecules.

Functions of the urinary system include

A) regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.

B) helping to stabilize blood pH.

C) conservation of valuable nutrients.

D) regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions.

E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

A glomerulus is

A) the source of erythropoietin.

B) the expanded end of a nephron.

C) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.

D) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

E) attached to the collecting duct.

D) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development?

A) Growth hormone is produced by the kidneys.

B) The kidney produces calcitriol.

C) Growth factors from the kidney direct the growth the epiphyseal cartilage plate in the bone.

D) Osteoblasts migrate from the kidney into the bone.

E) Injury to bone triggers a response in the kidney, which makes more rennin hormone.

B) The kidney produces calcitriol.

5) Urine is eliminated through the

A) urinary bladder.

B) kidney.

C) liver.

D) urethra.

E) ureter.

D) urethra.

6) The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by

A) releasing erythropoietin.

B) releasing renin.

C) adjusting the volume of water lost in urine.

D) regulating NaCl levels in the blood.

E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

A) the urethra.

B) blood vessels.

C) the ureters.

D) lymphatics.

E) the calyces

C) the ureters.

8) Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the

A) urethra.

B) kidney.

C) rectum.

D) urinary bladder.

E) ureter.

C) rectum.

9) Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?

A) renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra

B) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

C) renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct

D) collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder

E) collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter

B) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

10) All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are

A) located in a position that is retroperitoneal.

B) covered by peritoneum.

C) surrounded by a fibrous capsule.

D) held in place by the renal fascia.

E) located partly within the pelvic cavity.

E) located partly within the pelvic cavity.

11) The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

A) ureter. B) hilum. C) pyramid. D) pelvis. E) calyx.

B) hilum

12) The renal sinus is

A) part of a renal pyramid.

B) a renal corpuscle.

C) a large branch of the renal pelvis.

D) the innermost layer of kidney tissue.

E) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.

E) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.

13) The outermost layer of the kidney is the

A) fibrous capsule.

B) major calyx.

C) renal medulla.

D) renal cortex.

E) renal pelvis.

A) fibrous capsule.

14) The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

A) renal cortex.

B) renal papilla.

C) renal pelvis.

D) renal medulla.

E) renal sinus.

C) renal pelvis.

15) Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

A) renal pelvises.

B) pyramids.

C) renal columns.

D) calyces.

E) nephrons.

B) pyramids.

16) Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

A) efferent arteriole.

B) afferent arteriole.

C) interlobular arteriole.

D) vasa recta.

E) renal vein.

A) efferent arteriole.

17) The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.

A) superior

B) transverse

C) inferior

D) anterior

E) posterior

A) superior

18) The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by

A) supporting connective tissues.

B) the renal fascia.

C) contact with adjacent visceral organs.

D) the overlying peritoneum.

E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

19) The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels

can become twisted or kinked during movement.

A) pyelonephritis

B) floating kidney

C) renal failure

D) renal calculi

E) polycystic kidney disease

B) floating kidney

20) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx?

A) Initial filtrate enters here.

B) Final urine enters here.

C) It releases renin.

D) It creates high interstitial NaCl concentration.

B) Final urine enters here.

21) The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.

A) papillary duct

B) distal convoluted tubule

C) ureter

D) renal corpuscle

E) nephron loop (loop of Henle)

A) papillary duct

22) Typical renal blood flow is about ________ ml/min under resting conditions.

A) 800 B) 1200 C) 500 D) 1800 E) 2500

B) 1200

23) In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called

A) macula densa cells.

B) glomerulocytes.

C) juxtaglomerular cells.

D) tubular cells.

E) podocytes.

E) podocytes.

24) What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance during

filtration?

1. filtration slit (slit pore)

2. capsular space

3. dense layer

4. capillary endothelium

A) 2, 4, 3, 1 B) 4, 1, 2, 3 C) 4, 3, 1, 2 D) 3, 1, 4, 2 E) 4, 3, 2, 1

C) 4, 3, 1, 2

25) Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are

A) peritubular capillaries.

B) vasa recta capillaries.

C) efferent arterioles.

D) corticoradiate capillaries.

E) proximal capillaries.

A) peritubular capillaries.

26) The renal veins drain into the

A) inferior vena cava.

B) peritubular capillaries.

C) renal arteries.

D) abdominal aorta.

E) segmental arteries.

A) inferior vena cava.

27) ________ is/are an inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of

the kidneys.

A) Pyelonephrosis

B) Kidney stones

C) Glomerulonephritis

D) Floating kidney

E) Polycystic kidney disease

C) Glomerulonephritis

28) Glomerulonephritis may occur as a consequence of an infection with the bacterium

A) varicella.

B) Clostridium difficile.

C) MRSA.

D) Streptococcus.

E) All of the answers are correct.

D) Streptococcus.

29) ________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules.

A) Renal failure

B) Calculus

C) Hematuria

D) Glomerulonephritis

E) Polycystic kidney disease

E) Polycystic kidney disease

30) Renal columns are

A) expanded ends of the ureters.

B) the basic functional units of the kidney.

C) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.

D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

E) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule.

D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

31) The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

A) renal calyx.

B) renal hilum.

C) renal pelvis.

D) renal sinus.

E) renal corpuscle.

C) renal pelvis.

32) Major calyces are

A) expanded ends of nephrons.

B) the expanded ends of renal pyramids.

C) large branches of the renal pelvis.

D) basic functional layers of the kidney.

E) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.

C) large branches of the renal pelvis.

33) Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

A) nephron loop (loop of Henle).

B) renal corpuscle.

C) collecting tubule system.

D) renal papilla.

E) renal pyramid.

B) renal corpuscle.

34) The region known as the macula densa is part of

A) the proximal convoluted tubule.

B) the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

C) the collecting duct.

D) the distal convoluted tubule.

E) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

D) the distal convoluted tubule.

35) The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the

A) filtration membrane.

B) afferent arteriole.

C) juxtaglomerular complex.

D) nephron loop (loop of Henle).

E) renal corpuscle.

C) juxtaglomerular complex.

36) You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very severe autoimmune disorder with a

wide variety of associated organ-related problems. Your doctor is particularly worried about how

this will affect your kidney function. He says that you are susceptible to ________ because of the

lupus.

A) polycystic kidney

B) cystitis

C) renal calculi

D) glomerulonephritis

E) diabetes

D) glomerulonephritis

37) The filtration of plasma takes place in the

A) renal corpuscle.

B) nephron loop (loop of Henle).

C) ureter.

D) distal convoluted tubule.

E) papillary duct

A) renal corpuscle.

38) Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

A) collecting duct.

B) minor calyx.

C) proximal convoluted tubule.

D) nephron loop (loop of Henle).

E) distal convoluted tubule.

C) proximal convoluted tubule.

39) The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

A) nephron loop (loop of Henle).

B) calyx.

C) papillary tubule.

D) proximal convoluted tubule.

E) distal convoluted tubule.

E) distal convoluted tubule.

40) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla?

A) It creates high interstitial NaCl concentration.

B) It is the tip of the medullary pyramid.

C) initial filtrate enters here.

D) final urine enters here.

E) It releases renin.

B) It is the tip of the medullary pyramid.

41) The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called

the ________ capillaries.

A) cortical

B) peritubular

C) efferent

D) glomerular

E) vasa recta

B) peritubular

42) The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the

A) proximal convoluted tubule.

B) collecting loop.

C) nephron loop (loop of Henle).

D) minor calyx.

E) distal convoluted tubule.

C) nephron loop (loop of Henle).

43) The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

A) filtration.

B) adjusting the urine pH.

C) secretion of acids and ammonia.

D) secretion of drugs.

E) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

E) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

44) The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. In what order does blood

pass through these vessels?

1. afferent arteriole

2. arcuate artery

3. interlobar artery

4. renal artery

5. glomerulus

6. cortical radiate artery

7. efferent arteriole

8. peritubular capillary

A) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8

B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8

C) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8

D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8

E) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8

A) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8

45) The process of filtration occurs at the

A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

B) collecting duct.

C) distal convoluted tubule.

D) nephron loop (loop of Henle).

E) proximal convoluted tubule.

A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

46) The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of which three layers?

A) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes

B) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores

C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits

D) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus

E) dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule

C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits

47) Identify the structure labeled "4."

A) renal pelvis

B) minor calyx

C) ureter

D) major calyx

E) renal column

B) minor calyx

48) Identify the structure labeled "8."

A) renal pelvis

B) minor calyx

C) ureter

D) major calyx

E) renal column

C) ureter

49) Identify the structure labeled "11."

A) renal pelvis

B) minor calyx

C) ureter

D) major calyx

E) renal column

A) renal pelvis

50) Identify the structure labeled "9."

A) renal pyramid

B) renal column

C) fibrous capsule

D) renal sinus

E) renal papilla

E) renal papilla

51) Identify the structure labeled "3."

A) renal papilla

B) renal column

C) renal sinus

D) renal pyramid

E) fibrous capsule

D) renal pyramid

52) Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine?

A) large proteins

B) amino acids

C) creatinine

D) urea

E) hydrogen ions

A) large proteins

53) The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of

A) arteries.

B) arterioles.

C) capillaries.

D) veins.

E) venules.

C) capillaries.

54) The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.

A) vasa recta B) medulla C) pelvis D) calyces E) cortex

E) cortex

55) Which of the following components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla?

A) distal convoluted tubule

B) collecting ducts

C) proximal convoluted tubule

D) glomerulus

E) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

B) collecting ducts

56) Renal blood flow is about

A) 1 liter/min.

B) 2 liter/min.

C) 3 liter/min.

D) 4 liter/min.

E) 5 liter/min.

A) 1 liter/min.

57) The renal threshold for glucose is approximately ________ mg/dl.

A) 75 B) 180 C) 140 D) 90 E) 100

B) 180

58) Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.

A) urea

B) glucose

C) amino acids

D) sodium ions

E) albumin

E) albumin

59) Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except

A) produce renal ischemia.

B) produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles.

C) reduce blood flow to kidneys.

D) increase the glomerular filtration rate.

E) trigger renin release.

D) increase the glomerular filtration rate.

60) The process of filtration is driven mainly by

A) blood hydrostatic pressure.

B) active transport.

C) solvent drag.

D) blood osmotic pressure.

E) renal pumping.

A) blood hydrostatic pressure.

61) Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

A) 18 B) 480 C) 1.8 D) 180 E) 125

D) 180

62) Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list

below, what are these three main pressures?

1. blood hydrostatic pressure

2. capsular hydrostatic pressure

3. capsular colloid osmotic pressure

4. blood colloid osmotic pressure

5. urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure

A) 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

B) 2, 3, and 4 are correct.

C) 2, 4, and 5 are correct.

D) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

E) 3, 4, and 5 are correct.

A) 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

63) Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate correctly the net filtration pressure

(FP)? (Hint: CsHP is capsular hydrostatic pressure.)

A) FP = CsHP + BHP - BCOP

B) FP = BCOP + (BHP - CsHP)

C) FP = BHP - (CsHP + BCOP)

D) FP = BHP + CsHP - BCOP

E) FP = BCOP - BHP + CsHP

C) FP = BHP - (CsHP + BCOP)

64) Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 69 mm Hg,

and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the colloid osmotic pressure is 30

mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net

filtration pressure in this case?

A) 24 mm Hg

B) 84 mm Hg

C) 99 mm Hg

D) 30 mm Hg

E) 69 mm Hg

A) 24 mm Hg

NF = 69 - (15 + 30)

65) If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur? )

A) presence of protein in urine

B) presence of blood in urine

C) damage to the glomeruli

D) permanent kidney injury

E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

66) One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

A) increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands.

B) decrease urinary albumin concentration.

C) decrease secretion of aldosterone.

D) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

E) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

E) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

67) Calculate filtration pressure (FP) in a nephron with a glomerular hydrostatic pressure of 55 mm

Hg, a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg, and a capsular hydrostatic pressure of 15 mm

Hg.

A) FP = 95 mm Hg

B) FP = 10 mm Hg

C) FP = 55 mm Hg

D) FP = 45 mm Hg

E) FP = 15 mm Hg

E) FP = 15 mm Hg

FP = 55 - (25 + 15)

68) Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by

A) presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma.

B) blood pressure.

C) filtrate in the capsular space.

D) protein in the filtrate.

E) constriction of the efferent arteriole.

A) presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma.

69) The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is

A) blood colloid osmotic pressure.

B) osmotic pressure of the urine.

C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

D) reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood.

E) capsular hydrostatic pressure.

C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

70) The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of the

A) proximal convoluted tubule.

B) nephron loop (loop of Henle).

C) distal convoluted tubule.

D) loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

E) collecting duct.

D) loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

71) Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except

A) cotransport.

B) countertransport.

C) stem cell movements.

D) active transport.

E) facilitated diffusion.

C) stem cell movements.

72) Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of

A) countertransport.

B) diffusion.

C) active transport.

D) cotransport.

E) facilitated diffusion.

D) cotransport.

73) Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of

A) facilitated diffusion.

B) diffusion.

C) active transport.

D) cotransport.

E) countertransport.

E) countertransport.

74) Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

A) countertransport for bicarbonate ion.

B) facilitated diffusion.

C) active transport.

D) cotransport with Na and K ions.

E) simple diffusion.

D) cotransport with Na and K ions.

75) The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves

A) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis.

B) an increase in facultative water reabsorption.

C) a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts.

D) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells.

E) All of the answers are correct

E) All of the answers are correct

76) The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but

reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate.

A) Both statements are true most of the time.

B) The first statement is false but the second statement is true.

C) The first statement is true but the second statement is false.

D) Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.

E) Both statements are false.

D) Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.

77) A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

A) overproduction of aldosterone.

B) excessive ADH secretion.

C) absence of ADH.

D) hematuric oliguria.

E) dilation of the afferent arterioles.

C) absence of ADH

78) Antidiuretic hormone

A) is secreted by the anterior pituitary.

B) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood.

C) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

D) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine.

E) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.

C) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

79) If a urine sample is distinctly yellow in color, which of the following will be true?

A) It will have a low pH.

B) Its pH is below normal.

C) It will contain excess chloride ion.

D) It will have the odor of ammonia.

E) It will contain large amounts of urobilin.

E) It will contain large amounts of urobilin.

80) A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to

A) less secretion of aldosterone.

B) reduction of blood pressure.

C) increased urinary loss of sodium.

D) decreased sodium reabsorption.

E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

81) Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include

A) creatinine.

B) hydrogen ions.

C) potassium ions.

D) penicillin.

E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

82) Which of the following substances undergo tubular secretion?

A) sodium ions

B) glucose

C) ammonium ions

D) water

E) All of the answers are correct.

C) ammonium ions

83) Which of the following substances are not normally found in the filtrate?

A) urea

B) chloride ions

C) water

D) protein

E) potassium ions

D) protein

84) Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains

A) water.

B) hydrogen ions.

C) urea.

D) nutrients.

E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

85) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)?

A) It creates high interstitial NaCl concentration.

B) It enables production of hypertonic urine.

C) It is the site of obligatory water reabsorption.

D) It relies on countercurrent multiplication.

E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

86) When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

A) a concentrated urine is produced.

B) less urine is produced.

C) water reabsorption increases in the loop of Henle.

D) the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

E) permeability to water in the collecting system increases.

D) the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

87) Agents that increase urine excretion are known as

A) alpha-1 antagonists.

B) diuretics.

C) ADH agonists.

D) calcium channel blockers.

E) muscarinic antagonists.

B) diuretics.

88) As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and

returned to the circulation?

A) 1 B) 99 C) 63 D) 74 E) 38

B) 99

89) In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

A) a larger volume of urine.

B) urine with less glucose.

C) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.

D) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.

E) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

E) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

90) What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "1"?

A) secretion

B) micturition

C) filtration

D) excretion

E) reabsorption

C) filtration

91) Where does countercurrent multiplication occur?

A) 3 B) 5 C) 6 D) 2 E) 4

E) 4

92) Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur?

A) 3 B) 5 C) 4 D) 2 E) 6

A) 3

93) Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH?

A) 4 B) 5 and 6 C) 3 D) 4, 5, and 6 E) 1

B) 5 and 6

94) Where would penicillin be secreted?

A) 3 B) 6 C) 4 D) 3 and 4 E) 5

E) 5

95) Where does secretion mostly occur?

A) 4 B) 3 C) 1 D) 5 E) 2

D) 5

96) Which area is sensitive to aldosterone?

A) 1 B) 5 C) 3 D) 2 E) 4

B) 5

97) Where does osmosis of water in the countercurrent multiplier process occur? 97)

A) 1 B) 5 C) 2 D) 4 E) 3

D) 4

98) The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

A) transitional

B) pseudostratified columnar

C) simple columnar

D) stratified squamous

E) simple cuboidal

A) transitional

99) The detrusor muscle

A) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

B) surrounds the renal pelvis.

C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter.

D) functions as the external urinary sphincter.

E) moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis.

A) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

100) The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is

A) polycystic kidney disease.

B) calculi.

C) glomerulonephritis.

D) hematuria.

E) renal failure.

E) renal failure