AP World History:Modern Unit 5

Industrial Revolution

the shift from hand production to machine-based manufacturing beginning in the 18th century

Agrarian Revolution

improvements in farming techniques that increased food production and supported population growth

Enclosure Movement

the consolidation of common lands into private property in Britain, forcing many peasants into cities

Factory System

a method of production using machines and wage labor in centralized workplaces

Urbanization

the movement of people from rural areas to cities

Capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership and profit

Laissez-faire Economics

the idea that governments should not interfere in the economy

Adam Smith

Enlightenment thinker who argued that free markets are guided by the “invisible hand”

Socialism

an economic system in which the means of production are owned or regulated by the community

Karl Marx

philosopher who argued that history is driven by class struggle

Communism

a classless economic system where property is collectively owned

Proletariat

the working class who sell their labor for wages

Bourgeoisie

the middle class who own the means of production

Labor Union

an organization formed by workers to protect their rights and interests

Second Industrial Revolution

period of industrial growth marked by steel, electricity, and chemicals

Imperialism

the domination of one country over another through political, economic, or military control

Nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a nation, often based on shared culture or language

Nation-State

a political unit where the nation and state are aligned

Liberalism

a political ideology supporting individual rights, democracy, and free markets

Conservatism

a political ideology favoring tradition and gradual change

Feminism

the movement advocating for women’s political, social, and economic equality

Suffrage

the right to vote