Unit 4: Balancing Nationalism + Sectionalism

Effects of the War of 181

• Confirmation of US independence

• Increase in nationalism

• Increase in American manufacturing

• Revealed transportation problems

• Convinced older DRs to support a stronger federal government

What is occurring at the same time of the Era of Good Feelings

• Industrial Revolution

• Rise of slavery

• Need to unite the country

North States Characteristics

• Invests into industrialization

• No cash crops due to climate

• Lowell becomes a manufacturing center

• Cotton gin helps the industrializing textile industry

South States Characteristics

• No need to industrialize

• Cotton gin aids the cotton industry

• Cotton Kingdom or “King Cotton”

• Increase in the use of slaves due to the rising cotton industry

Northwest States Characteristics

• 1-2 crops or livestock

• Example: Corn and cattle

• Sold goods at city markets

What was the status of slavery in the north?

By 1804, nearly all Northern states abolished slavery

Henry Clay

• Represented Kentucky

• in House of Reps and the Senate

• Eventually Speaker of the House

• Proposed the American System

• Democratic-Republic but acted Federalist

3 Parts of the American System

1. National Bank

2. Protective Tariff

3. National transportation system

American System (National Bank)

• Created Second Bank of the US (1816)

American System (Protective Tariff)

• 25% duty on most imported factory goods

• Sectional economic differences lead to different impacts:

• Good for the North since their goods will be cheaper than foreign goods → Promotion of American businesses

• Bad for the South since they have to buy more expensive goods
  

American System (National Transportation System)

• Transportation needed internal improvements in order to unite the country

• Madison vetoed this part of the American system due to issues if it complies with the Constitution

Who was elected president in 1816

James Monroe!!!!!!!

James Monroe

• Elected in 1816

• Went on good will tours (Especially in the north where he wasn’t really voted for)

• Issued the Monroe Doctrine

Era of Good Feelings Characteristics

• Lack of partisanship

• Post-war nationalism

• Focus on the development of the country

• Several peace treaties

Why the Era of Good Feelings is a misnomer

• Tariff issues

• Bank issues: Panic of 1819

• Growing pains in the West:
  9 new states
  Sectional balance
  Argument over slavery in the new states (and old)

Panic of 1819

• First major, widespread, financial crisis in America

• 1819-1821

• Full recovery in 1823

Cause of Panic of 1819: Post War Demand Drop

• Post war Demand Drop
  - Europe needed crops in Napoleonic war
  - Napoleonic war ended → Demand from Europe decreased
  - Value of American cotton, wheat, and tobacco dropped 50%

Cause of Panic of 1819: Reckless banking and land speculation

• Reckless banking and land speculation
  - State banks printing money not backed by gold/silver (species)
  - Easy credit was created
  - “Land Bubble” where people were buying lots of land and driving prices up
  - Land speculation where people were buying land in hopes of profit rather than usage
  

Cause of Panic of 1819: Second Bank of US Intervention

• Second Bank of US Intervention
  - Second Bank of US realized the fault of the state banks
  - State banks forced to pay loans in specie (No more easy credit)
  - State banks forced to demand immediate repayment from farmers + brokers

Causes of the Panic of 1819

• Post-war demand drop in crops

• Reckless banking and land speculation

• Intervention of the Second Bank of America

Effects of the Panic of 1819

• Land bubble popped

• Foreclosures (Taking of debtors property to pay for their loans) and debtors’ prisons

• State banks collapse

• Massive unemployment

• People are angry at the Second Bank of US 

• Govt passes laws to help farmers and debtors pay back their debts

Suffrage

Right to vote

What happened to suffrage in the early 1800s

• More people gain the right to vote (WHITE MEN!!!)

• States reduced voting restrictions

By 1830, only_____ states required a voter to own property

2

Election of 1824

• Between  JQA and Jackson

• No one won majority of electoral votes

• House of Reps chooses President

• JQA becomes president

Andrew Jackson’s reaction to JQA’s win

• Called it a “corrupt bargain”

• Henry Clay greatly influenced the House of Reps as the Speaker of the House

• JQA promised to make Henry Clay Secretary of State

• (Tradition that Secretary of State becomes president)

Effects of the Election of 1824

• Democratic-Republicans will split

• End of the Era of Good Feelings

Election of 1828

• JQA vs. Jackson

• First modern political campaign 

• Vicious personal attacks

• Had to win the peoples’ vote

Jackson’s campaign

• Aimed AGAINST the wealthy elite (like JQA)

• Promised to support the common man (the common folk)

• Andrew was a wealthy elite himself

Results of the Election of 1828

• Jackson wins popular + electoral votes

• Practiced the spoils systems

Spoils systems

• Replacing former appointees with your own friends

• “Kitchen cabinet” because Jackson’s friends slipped into the White House through the kitchen

Voting pattern between JQA and AJ

• North for JQA

• South for AJ

Ogden v. Gibbons

• Someone claiming trading control over two states

• Stated interstate commerce would be ruled by federal court

• Congress has authority over interstate commerce

• Favored competition > monopolies

• Led to federal gov. governing over air traffic, TV/radio raves, cell communications, etc.

McCulloch v. Maryland

• Maryland trying to tax a national bank

• Established national govt supremacy > state govt

• Strengthened fed govt control on economy

Fletcher v. Peck

• Georgian law violated right to enter contracts

• Restricted the states powers

Dartmouth v. Woodward

• College couldn’t revise charter

• Charter = contract

• Constitution doesn’t allow states to interfere with contracts

John Quincy Adams

• Secretary of State during Monroe’s presidency

• Handled foreign policy with nationalism

• Wrote the Monroe Document

Nationlism

Belief that national interests should be placed above regional/foreign interests

Rush-Bagot Treaty

• Demilitarization of US and Canada border

• Between GB and US

Convention of 1818

• Sets US border at the 49th parallel

Oregon Territory

• US and GB jointly occupy the territory for 10 year

Adam-Onis Treaty

• Spain gives up Florida + claims in Oregon Territory to the US

Causes of the Monroe Doctrine

• After Napoleonic War, European  countries like Spain and Portugal want to reclaim old western territories

Monroe Doctrinee

• Monroe told foreign powers not the interfere with the Western hemisphere

• No creating new colonies or reclaiming ones turned into republics

• Stated US would not be involved in European affairs

Reasons to move to the West

• Economic gain (cheap fertile lands)

• Escape debts and the laws

• Change occupations/new opportunities

Jem Beckwourth

• Mixed man

• Moved to the West and was able to have tons of occupations

US state balance before Missouri Compromise

• 10 slave states and 10 free states

What did Tallmadge propose?

Require Missouri to gradually free its slaves

Missouri Compromise

• Result of the argument over whether Missouri should be a slave or free state

• Missouri is a slave state and Maine becomes a free state ( To keep balance)

• Dividing line at 36 degrees and 30th north latitude

• Above the line was free states and below the line was slave states

• Only applied to the Louisiana Territory

Tariff of Abominations

• 1828 Tariff

• High tariff on foreign manufactured goods

Nullification Crisis

Calhoun questions legality of applying federal laws in sovereign states

Calhoun’s Theory of Nullification

• Each state had the right to nullify federal laws it considered unconstitutional

• States can leave the union (secede) if the government does not allow it to nullify a law

Hayne and Webster Debate

• January 1830

• Hayne (SC) questions authority of federal government over states rights

• Webster (MA) questions whether Nullification is rebellion or revolution

• Calhoun resigns as VP over this

Rebellion in the states

• SC threatens to secede

• Jackson said SC was treasonous

• Jackson threatens to hang Calhoun

Bank Issues During Jackson

• Jackson opposes 2nd Bank of the US

• Federal taxes deposited in BUS so it had advantage over smaller banks

• BUS stockerholders earned interest from deposits, not the common man

• Nicholas Biddle (BUS president) gives loans to congressmen at lower rates than common men

Jackson’s response to Bank Issue

• Vetoed extension of the bank

• Transferring of funds into state banks/pet banks

• Biddle refused to give out loans → Frustrate the public into renewing charter

• Jackson blames Biddle for this frustration

• 2nd BUS fails shortly after

• All this results in the Panic of 1837

Jackson’s reaction to abolition

• Saw abolition as a threat to the union (He was a slave owner and didn’t question it morally)

• Wanted Congress to pass a law which prevented “incendiary” mailings (Abolitionist media) from reaching the slave heavy South

• Law didn’t pass but Postmaster complied

Gag Rule

• Jackson supported this rule

• Petitions to Congress about ending slavery would not be accepted

• Repealed in 1844

How did Jackson feel about Indians

• Saw them as restricting westward expansion

• Said removal for their “protection”

Indian Removal Act (1830)

• Allowed federal government to negotiate treaties forcing tribes east of the Mississippi River

• Made them relocate to “Indian Territory” (Present day Oklahoma)

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole

Worcester v. GA (1832)

• John Marshall rules that GA didn’t have the right to invade Cherokee land

• Jackson didn’t enforce this decision

Chief John Ross

• A fighter against the Indian Removal Act

• Cherokee Principal Chief

Treaty of New Echota

• Gave last 8M acres of Cherokee land to federal government

• Federal government gives around $5M and land “west of the Mississippi”

• Beginning of Cherokee exodus

Trail of Tears (1838)

• 800 mi. forced migration of Cherokees to “Indian Territory”

• Under Van Buren, but starts under Jackson

The Whigs

• New political party emerged to oppose Democrats

• Backed American System

• Clay, JQA, Webster

Issues with Jackson

• Bank War

• Spoils system

• More vetoes than all previous presidents combined

• Not enforcing Supreme Court Decision

Van Buren

• Wins election of 1836

• Little Magician

• Inherited the problem with “pet banks”

• Panic of 1837

Election of 1840

• Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison (Whig)

• VP John Tyler becomes president after Harrison dies

Supreme Court Case: Marbury v. Madison (BG)

• Marbury receives midnight appointment to be judge from Adams

• President Jefferson orders Madison not to deliver the commission

• Marbury asks Supreme Court to force Madison to deliver the commission

Supreme Court Case: Marbury v. Madison (Q)

• Did Marbury have the right to the commission?

•  Did the Supreme Court have the right to award judges commissions?

Supreme Court Case: Marbury v. Madison (R)

• Marshall ruled Judiciary Act of 1789 power to Supreme Court to grant commissions as unconstitutional

• Establishes judicial review (The Supreme Court can declare laws constitutional/unconstitutional

Supreme Court Case: McCulloch v. Maryland (BG)

• Maryland tries to tax the Bank of the United States

• McCulloch refused to pay the tax

Supreme Court Case: McCulloch v. Maryland (Q)

• Can state governments interfere with the operations of a national agency? Can they tax federal agencies?

• Does the US Congress have the power to create, open, and operate a bank? 

• What powers not listed in the US constitution does the federal government have? 

Supreme Court Case: McCulloch v. Maryland (A)

• States cannot tax federal institutions

• Bank is legal because it follows the necessary and proper clause that allows Congress to do what is needed to function

• Establishes supremacy of federal government over the states

Supreme Court Case: Gibbons v. Ogden (BG)

• NY state gives Robert Ogden monopoly for a steamboat ferry connecting NJ and NY

• Gibbons gets a license from the federal govt. to operate between NJ and NY

• Ogden asks NY state court to forbid Gibbon’s boat from docking in NY

• Gibbons sues

Supreme Court Case: Gibbons v. Ogden (Q)

• Could New York state grant a monopoly that operates across multiple states? 

• Did the federal government or state governments have the right to regulate interstate commerce? 

• Did Congress have an exclusive right to regulate interstate commerce or  was this a “concurrent” power to be shared with the states?

Supreme Court Case: Gibbons v. Ogden (A)

• Power to regulate interstate commerce rests with federal government

• NY violated the constitution

• Article III grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce

Democrats: Origin/History

• Evolved from Democratic-Republicans

• Weak federal government

• Stronger state governments

Democrats: Party Leaders

• Andrew Jackson

• John C. Calhoun

• Martin Van Buren

Democrats: Regions

• Deep south

• Newer Western states

• Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, rural New York, New Hampshire, Maine

Democrats: American System

• Opposed to federal government having that much power

Democrats: Federal Land Policy

• Sale of federal land in the West to be at low prices

• Easier for common man to expand west

Democrats: Indian Affairs

• Wanted Indian removal

• Indian Removal Act

• Allow the common man to expand west

Democrats: National Bank

• Didn’t want national bank (Too much power in federal govt)

• Money in state/pet banks

Democrats: Paper Money

• Didn’t want paper money

• Favors the wealthy

Democrats: Slavery

• Supported slavery

Democrats: Tariffs

• Against tariffs

• Sees it as hurting the states + common man

• Lower the tariffs

• Protective tariffs = unconstitutional

Democrats: Territorial Expansion

• Support for territorial expansion (Especially west)

Whigs: Origin/History

• Formed to oppose Andrew Jackson

• Inherited federalist beliefs

• Strong federal government

• American System

Whigs: Party Leaders

• Henry Clay

• Daniel Webster

• William Henry Harrison

• John Quincy Adams

Whigs: Regions

• Areas looking to industrialize/are industrialized

• Northern areas

• Educators, professionals, manufacturers, larger farmers, free black people

Whigs: American System

• Supported the American system

Whigs: Federal Land Policy

• Wanted price of federal lands in the West to be high

• Give more money to the federal government

Whigs: Indian Affaris

• Didn’t like Jackson ignoring the Supreme Court Decision (Worcester v. GA)

• Naturally opposed removal because Jackson supported it

Whigs: National Bank

• Wanted strong national bank

Whigs: Paper Money

• Wanted circulation of paper money

• So people can buy stuff and aid manufacturing businesses

Whigs: Slavery

• Divided

• Both abolitionists and anti-abolitionists

Whigs: Tariffs

• High tariffs

• Supported the manufacturing industry

• Protective tariffs