HIS1101 Final

Confederation

A process that began in the 1850s and was completed in 1949, involving the union of British North American colonies into a single dominion called Canada.

British North America Act

Legislation largely inspired by Canadians, creating a federal union by uniting distinct colonies into the Dominion of Canada in 1867.

Reciprocity Treaty

A trade agreement that ended in 1866, leading to economic challenges and fears in the Maritime colonies.

Louis Riel

A Métis leader who advocated for Indigenous rights and led the Red River and Northwest Rebellions in the late 1800s.

National Policy

A strategy by John A. Macdonald to promote economic growth through high tariffs, railway construction, and western settlement in Canada.

Knights of Labor

The largest labor union in late 19th-century Canada, advocating for workers' rights and better working conditions.

Red River Rebellion

An uprising in 1869-1870 led by Louis Riel and the Métis to negotiate the incorporation of the Northwest into Canada.

Northwest Rebellion

An 1885 conflict where Métis and First Nations warriors clashed with federal forces, leading to the execution of Louis Riel.

Maritime Union

A proposal to unite the Maritime colonies into a single entity, discussed in Charlottetown in 1864 but redirected towards a larger British North American union.

Responsible Government

A system achieved in Canada in 1848, granting autonomy in domestic affairs while foreign and constitutional matters remained under British control.

Immigration to Canada

Immigrants entered the Dominion in large numbers, settling in the West, mainly from the UK, the US, Continental Europe, and Asia.

Chinese Canadian Community

Chinese laborers were brought to help build the Canadian Pacific Railway, establishing the Chinese Canadian community in British Columbia.

Urbanization in Canada

Urbanization accelerated in the 1880s, spurring urban growth in regions like Winnipeg and other parts of Canada.

Lacrosse in Canada

Lacrosse was Canada’s most popular sport in the late nineteenth century, reflecting the rise of mass culture due to increased schooling and literacy.

Industrialization in Canada

Canada's industrialization surged from 1896 to 1918, driven by developments like hydroelectric power in Quebec and coal mining in BC and Alberta.

National Policy

The National Policy, pursued under Sir Wilfrid Laurier's Liberal government, focused on labor activism, reciprocity in tariffs, and labor rights.

Ministry of Labour

The Ministry of Labour was established in 1909 as union membership and labor activism grew, aiming to mediate labor relations and address ongoing issues.

Population Growth in Canada

Canada's population nearly doubled from 1891 to 1921 due to natural increase, declining infant mortality, massive immigration, and urban population growth.

Women in the Workforce

Women made up 25% of Toronto's manufacturing workforce by 1911, facing lower pay, lack of job security, and discrimination from unions.

Social Welfare in Canada

Social welfare in Canada was limited to meager relief, including workhouses and charity support, prompting calls for greater state intervention.

Social Gospel Movement

The Social Gospel sought to Christianize industrial society, emphasizing social justice, reform, and the church's role in addressing social issues.

Temperance Movement

The temperance movement gained considerable support by 1900, attributing poverty to alcoholism and advocating for prohibition.

Women's Suffrage Movement

The women's movement campaigned for women's suffrage, social welfare legislation, and challenged traditional gender roles, advocating for women's rights in the public sphere.

Immigration Restrictions

Asian immigration to Canada faced restrictions like quotas, head taxes, and discriminatory travel requirements to maintain European dominance.

Residential Schools

The residential school system expanded in the early twentieth century, aiming to assimilate Indigenous children by isolating them from their families and culture.

Conscription Crisis

The conscription crisis during WWI led to tensions between English and French Canada, with the Borden government imposing compulsory military service, sparking resistance and riots in Quebec.

Franco-Ontarians

By 1910, Franco-Ontarians represented roughly 8% of Ontario's population, facing cultural and educational challenges in a predominantly English-speaking province.

Imperialist Sentiment

English-speaking Canadians saw a rise in imperialist sentiment in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, leading to tensions with French Canadian nationalists.

Canadian Autonomy

French Canadian nationalists, led by Henri Bourassa, championed Canadian autonomy, minority rights, and bilingualism, challenging imperialist aspirations.

First World War Impact

The First World War marked a turning point in Canada's history, leading to economic growth, expanded federal government roles, and increased national identity.

Nationalization of Railways

The federal government took over privately owned railways and began running them.

Economic Recession

Canada faced economic hardship following the Great War, with prices dropping and industrial wages stagnating.

General Strike in Winnipeg

A wave of strikes, including a significant general strike in Winnipeg, swept across Canada.

League of Nations

Canada became a charter member of the League of Nations, emerging from the aftermath of World War I.

Halibut Treaty

The 1923 treaty negotiated with the US without British assistance, marking Canada's first bilateral treaty.

Statute of Westminster

Enacted in 1931, this statute recognized dominions like Canada as independent states.

Great Depression

The New York Stock Exchange collapse in 1929 marked the end of the 'Roaring 20s' and led to a severe economic downturn.

Unemployment Soars

Between 1929 and 1933, Canada's gross national product dropped by 42%, leading to high unemployment rates.

Social Credit

William Aberhart championed this economic doctrine in Alberta during the Great Depression, advocating for government-issued social dividends.

Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)

Founded in 1932, the CCF outlined its socialist vision for Canada in the 1933 Regina Manifesto.

Emergency Measures

Temporary actions taken during wartime to address specific needs or challenges.

National Resource Mobilisation Act of 1940

Legislation that mobilized both manpower and resources for the war effort in Canada.

War Measures Act

Allowed the federal government to restrict civil liberties, censor the press, and detain individuals during wartime.

Conscription

Mandatory enlistment of individuals into the armed forces.

Baby Boom

Significant increase in birth rates following World War II.

Adolescence as a Social Construct

The concept of teenagers as a distinct social group emerged in the 1950s.

Welfare State

System where the government undertakes responsibility for the well-being of its citizens, including social programs like healthcare and education.

NORAD

North American Aerospace Defense Command, established in 1957 by Canada and the United States for joint air defense.

Second Wave of Feminism

Movement in the 1960s and 1970s advocating for gender equality and women's rights.

Autopact

Agreement signed in 1965 to integrate the North American automobile industry, benefiting Canada's economy.

Quiet Revolution

Quebec's rapid social and political transformation in the 1960s led by Premier Lesage to enhance French-Canadian economic advancement and reclaim provincial powers.

Parti Québécois

Separatist party founded by René Lévesque advocating for sovereignty-association and Quebec's independence.

FLQ (Front de libération du Québec)

Separatist group formed in 1963, resorting to violence, notably during the October Crisis in 1970.

October Crisis

1970 event involving FLQ kidnappings, leading to the invocation of the War Measures Act by Trudeau to combat terrorism.

Charter of the French language (Bill 101)

Legislation passed by Parti Québécois in 1977 to promote French language and culture in Quebec, restricting English language use.

1980 Referendum

Vote in Quebec asking for a mandate to negotiate sovereignty-association, ultimately resulting in a NO victory.

Constitution Act of 1982

Document that included a Charter of Rights and Freedoms, recognized Aboriginal treaty rights, and introduced the notwithstanding clause.

Multiculturalism

Trudeau's policy to declare Canada a multicultural state, enshrined in the 1982 Constitution, promoting diversity and rejecting biculturalism.

Stagflation

Economic condition of stagnation and high inflation, affecting Canada in the 1970s due to the OPEC crisis and economic policies.

National Energy Program

Initiative by Pierre Trudeau to achieve energy self-sufficiency, leading to tensions with Alberta and Western Canada under Mulroney's government.

Free Trade Agreement (FTA)

Established in the mid-1980s to eliminate tariffs gradually over ten years, allowing unfettered access to resources and government contracts between Canada and the US.

Dispute Resolution Mechanism

A formal body created to settle trade disputes between Canada and the US, aimed at depoliticizing the trade relationship.

Meech Lake Accord

Proposed in 1987 to renew the Canadian constitution, granting provinces more power and recognizing Quebec as a distinct society, but failed due to various factors.

Indigenous Militancy

Erupted in Oka, Quebec in 1990 over land disputes, leading to a confrontation with the Canadian Forces.

Donald Marshall Case

Revealed systemic racism in Canada's criminal justice system, highlighting the need for reform and addressing injustices faced by Indigenous communities.

Nunavut

Created in 1999 as an Inuit Territory with self-government, representing a step towards Indigenous autonomy in Canada.

Parti Québécois

Returned to power in Quebec in 1994 under Jacques Parizeau, advocating for sovereignty and independence for Quebec.

Social Changes

Deepened in recent decades, including declining church attendance, marriage rates, and aging population, impacting Canadian society and demographics.

Environment Concerns

Became prominent in the 1980s and 1990s, focusing on issues like acid rain, climate change, and the need for sustainable development.

Minority Conservative Government

Elected in early 2006, marking a shift in power and wealth in Canadian society, led by Stephen Harper on a center-right platform.

Harper's Majority Government

Harper initially obtained a minority government in 2006 but later won a majority government, the first in Canada since 1917 without significant support from Quebec.

Economic Bubble Burst

The increase in housing values fueled by easy credit led to an economic bubble that burst in 2008, causing the mortgage crisis and recession.

Bank of Canada Interventions

The Bank of Canada injected funds into the financial system to prevent deflation and economic collapse, lowered interest rates substantially, and engaged in quantitative easing to prevent a deep recession.

Trudeau's Sunny Ways

Justin Trudeau's Liberal party won a majority government in 2015 with the promise of "sunny ways," but lost its appeal over time and transitioned to a minority government.

Senate Reform

Trudeau sought to remove partisanship from the Senate, appointing non-partisan senators to slow the flow of legislation and subject it to more scrutiny.

Unmarked Graves Discovery

The discovery of unmarked graves at former residential schools brought new attention to the conditions in these institutions, leading to soul-searching among Canadians.

USMCA

The election of Donald Trump threatened NAFTA, leading to its replacement by the USMCA, which carried over most NAFTA clauses but included new clauses limiting Canadian and Mexican access and increasing US access to the dairy market.

COVID-19 Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic will forever alter Canadian society, with significant effects on the economy, healthcare system, and social behaviors.

Government Spending during COVID

Massive federal spending during COVID-19 averted a disaster on the scale of the Great Depression but stoked inflation and fears of deflation.

Acceleration of Trends

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated social and economic trends, including increased online activities, working from home, and a shift in governance theories regarding spending and control of currency.