HHD Unit 4 AOS 1

Human development

Made by the UN, it relates to creating an environment where people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities (the range of things people can be and do), having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives

Human development is about creating an environment which people can…

Lead long and healthy lives, lead productive lives according to their need and interests, expand their choices and enhance their capabilities, have access to knowledge, participate in the life of their community, participate in the decisions that affect their lives, and have access to resources required for a decent standard of living

Human Development Index

A tool developed by the UN to measure and rank countries based off their levels of social and economic development. It provides a single statistic based on three dimensions and four indicators

Dimensions of the HDI

A long and healthy life, Knowledge, A decent standard of living

Indicators of the HDI

Life expectancy, Mean years of schooling, Expected years of schooling, Gross National Income per capita

Advantages of the HDI

Single statistic so it’s easier to compare with other countries

Useful for tracking progress made by countries

May allow for countries to identify areas for improvement by looking at the measures

Disadvantages of the HDI

Doesn’t consider all factors which affect human development

Doesn’t consider the subjective nature of human development

Only measures the mean

Data collection may be inconsistent

Life expectancy at birth

The number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change

Expected years of schooling

The number of years of formal education expected for a child of school-entrance age

Mean years of schooling

The average number of years of formal education achieved by those aged 25 years and over

Gross National Income per capita

The overall income of a country after expenses owing to other countries have been paid, divided by the population of the country

Classifying Countries

Created by the world bank and uses a countries GNI per capita, or on average to classify countries as low-, middle- (upper of lower), or high-income

Economic characteristics of a country

Relates to the wealth and standard of living in a country, which can influence the opportunities and resources available for citizens

Economic characteristics of high-income countries

High average income

Opportunities for global trade

Lower levels of poverty

Wide range of industries

Social characteristics of countries

Relates to how people live, interact, and are supported

Social characteristics of high-income countries

High levels of gender equality

Low birth rates and population growth

High levels of employment and education

Developed security systems/legal systems

Access to technology

Environmental characteristics of countries

Relates to the natural surroundings, climate, and resources that shape how people live

Environmental characteristics of high-income countries

Access to safe water and sanitation

Food security

Adequate housing and infrastructure

High levels of CO2 emissions

Communicable diseases

Also known as infectious diseases as they spread from one person or animal to another and are typically caused by micro-organisms like bacteria or parasites, eg. cholera or malaria

Non-communicable diseases

Also known as lifestyle diseases as they do not spread from person to person and a often caused by a range of lifestyle, genetic, and environmental factors, eg. type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases

Double burden of disease

When conditions associated with both poverty and wealth such as undernutrition and obesity, exist side by side in one community

Similarities in health status between different income countries

Life expectancy has increased over the past 30 years

Decreased in U5MR and maternal mortality

Burden of disease associated with overweight and obesity is increasing, as well as cancers and cardiovascular diseases

Differences in health status between different income countries

Life expectancy is higher in high-income countries compared to low income countries

Overall mortality rates are generally higher in low-income countries compared to high-income countries

The burden of disease for communicable diseases are high in low-income countries compared to high-income countries

Overall burden of disease rates are generally higher in low-income compared to high

Similarities in human development between different income countries

Human development, as measured in HDI, has increased over the last 30 years

Covid contributed to a slight decrease in HDI for all income groups in 2020-21

Differences in human development between different income countries

Human development, as measured in HDI, is higher in high-income countries compared to middle and low

Increases in human development, have been more significant in low-income countries over the last 30 years compared to high

Factors which contribute to similarities and differences in health status and human development between difference income countries

Access to safe water

Sanitation

Poverty

Discrimination

Access to safe water

Safe water is free from contaminant such as bacteria, viruses and chemicals such as mercury and lead, making it safe to drink, cook with, and use for hygienic purposes, conditions associated are cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea

Sanitation

Refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, as well as the maintenance of hygienic conditions via rubbish collection and disposal, conditions associated are parasitic infections, cholera, typhoid

Poverty

Refers to the deprivation which often stems from a lack of income, but can present as a lack of material resources such as food, shelter, clean water and healthcare, associated conditions are malnutrition, type 2 diabetes, respiratory diseases

Relative poverty

Those living on less than 50% of the of their countries average income

Extreme poverty

Those living on less than a specific dollar amount per day (often US$2.15)

Discrimination

Refers to unfair or unjust treatment of individuals of groups based on certain characteristics, such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, of gender identity, associated conditions are injuries, cardiovascular disease, mental health conditions

Sustainability

Refers to the meeting of needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Economic sustainability

Ensuring that average income in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to raise inline with inflation and living costs in the future

Factors which promote economic sustainability

Job creation

Trade

Innovation and diversity of industries

Economic growth

Social sustainability

Creating an equitable society where all people can access social resources both now and in the future

Factors which promote social sustainability

Peace and security

Provision of social protection systems

Gender equality

Access to safe and decent working conditions

Promotion of political and legal resources

Environmental sustainability

Ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future

Factors which promote environmental sustainability

Sustainable use of natural resources

Safe waste removal and reducing pollution

Addressing climate change

Maintaining biodiversity

Global trends

Large-scale patterns or movements which are happening across the world, such climate change, conflict, mass migration, increased world trade, tourism, and digital technologies

Climate change

Refers to the long-term adjustments in global temperatures and weather patterns