Age of Jackson: Era of common man

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. bought land from France; doubled the country’s size.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806)

Explored new Louisiana land; mapped it and opened westward expansion.

John Marshall

Chief Justice who strengthened the Supreme Court and federal power.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Case that established judicial review (the Court can declare laws unconstitutional).

Judicial Review

Power of the Supreme Court to strike down unconstitutional laws.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Said states can’t tax the national bank; confirmed implied powers of Congress.

Implied Powers

Powers not directly stated in the Constitution but allowed under the “necessary and proper” clause.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Gave Congress power to control interstate trade (strengthened federal authority).

James Madison

4th president; led the U.S. during the War of 1812.

Era of Good Feelings (1815–1825)

Time of national unity and one political party (Democratic-Republicans).

Tariff of 1816

Tax on imports to protect U.S. factories from British goods.

American System

Henry Clay’s plan for a strong economy: tariffs, national bank, and roads/canals.

Second Bank of the U.S.

Re-established national bank to stabilize the economy after 1812 war.

Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

Proposed to ban slavery in Missouri; started debate over slavery’s expansion.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Missouri = slave, Maine = free; kept balance and set line dividing future slave/free states.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one’s region (North, South, West) over the nation.

Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815)

European wars between France and Britain; led to U.S. trade problems.

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson stopped all trade to avoid war; hurt U.S. economy badly.

Nonintercourse Act of 1809

Replaced embargo; allowed trade with everyone except Britain and France.

War of 1812 (1812–1815)

U.S. vs. Britain over trade and impressment; boosted U.S. pride and independence.

Tecumseh

Native leader who united tribes to fight U.S. expansion; died in War of 1812.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended War of 1812; no territory changes but restored peace.

Hartford Convention (1814–1815)

Federalists opposed the war; looked unpatriotic and led to party’s collapse.

Nationalism

Strong pride and loyalty to one’s nation.

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

Limited U.S. and British naval forces on the Great Lakes.

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

U.S. got Florida from Spain.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Warned Europe not to interfere in the Americas; U.S. would stay out of Europe’s affairs.