PACE Biology 1105 Test

provides oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body

circulatory system

sac of dense connective tissue that surrounds and protects the heart from shock, stress, and infections

pericardium

thick, muscular tissue that makes up the walls of the heart sac

myocardium

lower two chambers of the heart

ventricles

carry blood from the heart to the lungs; pulmonary circulation

pulmonary arteries

largest systemic artery

aorta

regular dilation and constriction of arteries due to changes in blood pressure

pulse

network of arteries, veins, and capillaries that circulate blood throughout the body; part of the cardiovascular system

vascular system

tiny blood vessels; conduct blood away from the systemic capillaries; join to form veins

venules

returns blood from the lower body to the right atrium of the heart

inferior vena cava

returns blood from the upper body to the right atrium of the heart

superior vena cava

__________ makes it possible for blood to clot

platelets

the color of __________ comes from iron in hemoglobin

red blood cells

__________ go wherever they are needed to fight invading pathogens

white blood cells

the liquid of blood is __________

plasma

__________ are proteins that attack substances that might cause diseases or harm the body

antibodies

an __________ is any substance that stimulates the body to produce antibodies

antigen

the spleen is the largest __________ organ, and its primary function is to filter blood

lymphatic

__________ respiration uses oxygen to break the chemical bonds in a glucose molecule and release energy

cellular

__________ respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the body, and the principal organs of this type of respiration are the __________

mechanical . . . lungs

__________ are tiny sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged

alveoli

__________ functions of the nervous system deal with conscious mental activities

cognitive

__________ functions of the nervous system involve involuntary muscle actions produced by smooth and cardiac muscles

automatic

the __________ nervous system is composed of nerves and sensory organs

peripheral

the __________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord

central

a __________ is an extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses towards the soma

dendrite

an __________ is an extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the soma

axon

neurological cells from myelin sheaths around axon, and they from a structural framework to support __________ and hold them in play

neurons

__________ is a soft, white, fatty substance that covers and insulates most axons

myelin

the __________ is the division of the brain responsible for coordination, balance, posture, and muscle tone

cerebellum

the __________, which is the largest division of the brain, controls motor and sensory functions, and it is where most of the cognitive functions take place

cerebrum

the __________ callosum is the bridge between the cerebral hemispheres

corpus

the __________ is the division of the brain that joins the brain and the spinal cord

brain stem

the __________ oblongata is the part of the brain that controls reflex action, heart rate, respiration, and blood flow

medulla

the spinal __________ is a bundle of nerves that begins at the medulla ablongata and terminates in the lumbar region of the vertebral column

cord

the __________ nervous system, a division of the peripheral nervous system, contains motor and sensory pathways and includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves

somatic

carry sensory impulses toward the central nervous system

afferent neurons

carry motor command impulses away from the central nervous system

efferent neurons

neural path of an impulse that jumps directly from an afferent neuron

reflex arc

contains sensory receptors; receives stimuli for pressure, temperature, pain, and touch

skin

transmit sensory impulses for taste to the gustatory cortex in the frontal lobes of the cerebrum

gustatory nerves

interprets sensory impulses from the olfactory bulb as smell

olfactory cortex

interprets sensory impulses from the optic nerves as vision

visual cortex

transmit sensory impulses to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobes of the cerebrum to be interpreted as sound

auditory nerves

part of the autonomic nervous system; activated by strong emotions; also called fight-or-flight system

sympathetic

part of the autonomic nervous system; sends impulses that causes organs to return to normal operations

parasympathetic