Period 4 APUSH Exam Review

Set includes SFI and Key Concepts for APUSH exam during period 4

Thomas Jefferson

A Founding Father, principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and third President of the United States.
Cause and Effect: 's political philosophy led to the expansion of democracy and westward expansion through the Louisiana Purchase.
Significance: He championed individual rights, limited government, and agrarian ideals, shaping early American politics.
Context/Connection: 's presidency marked the beginning of the "Virginia Dynasty" and Democratic-Republican dominance in national politics.

James Madison

The "Father of the Constitution" and fourth President of the United States, who played a crucial role in drafting the Bill of Rights.
Cause and Effect: 's political theories influenced the structure of the U.S. government, resulting in a system of checks and balances.
Significance: He co-authored the Federalist Papers, which were instrumental in ratifying the Constitution.
Context/Connection: As president, led the country through the War of 1812, which strengthened American nationalism.

James Monroe

The fifth President of the United States, known for the Monroe Doctrine and presiding over the "Era of Good Feelings."
Cause and Effect: _'s foreign policy doctrine warned European powers against further colonization in the Americas, shaping U.S. diplomacy.
Significance: His presidency marked a period of reduced partisan tensions and increased national unity.
Context/Connection: The Monroe Doctrine became a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries.

John Quincy Adams

The sixth President of the United States and son of John Adams, known for his diplomatic skills and advocacy for internal improvements.
Cause and Effect: 's "corrupt bargain" with Henry Clay led to his presidency but damaged his political career and fueled Andrew Jackson's populism.
Significance: He championed the American System, promoting economic development and national unity.
Context/Connection: 's presidency marked the end of the Era of Good Feelings and the rise of Jacksonian Democracy.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States, known for his populist policies and expansion of executive power.
Cause and Effect: 's presidency led to increased political participation among common people and the forced removal of Native Americans.
Significance: He championed the "common man" and opposed the Second Bank of the United States, reshaping American democracy.
Context/Connection: 's era saw the rise of the Second Party System and increased sectional tensions over slavery and states' rights.

Henry Clay

A prominent 19th-century statesman known as the "Great Compromiser" for his role in preserving the Union through key compromises.
Cause and Effect: 's American System promoted economic growth but intensified sectional rivalries between North and South.
Significance: He played a crucial role in negotiating compromises on slavery, tariffs, and other divisive issues.
Context/Connection: 's political career spanned the Second Party System, influencing both Whig and Democratic policies.

John C. Calhoun

A prominent Southern politician who served as Vice President and Senator, known for his defense of states' rights and slavery.
Cause and Effect: 's doctrine of nullification intensified sectional tensions and contributed to the Nullification Crisis of 1832-33.
Significance: He developed the concept of concurrent majority, which influenced Southern political thought and secessionist ideology.
Context/Connection: 's shift from nationalist to states' rights advocate reflected the growing divide between North and South.

George Fitzhugh

A prominent Southern sociologist and pro-slavery advocate who argued for the superiority of slave society over free-market capitalism.
Cause and Effect: 's writings defended slavery as a positive good, influencing Southern ideology and justifications for the institution.
Significance: His works, such as "Sociology for the South," provided intellectual support for the continuation of slavery.
Context/Connection: 's arguments reflected the shift in Southern thought from viewing slavery as a necessary evil to a positive good.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

A leading Transcendentalist philosopher, essayist, and poet who emphasized individualism, self-reliance, and the divinity of nature.
Cause and Effect: 's philosophy inspired a generation of writers and thinkers, contributing to the development of a uniquely American literary tradition.
Significance: His essays, such as "Self-Reliance," promoted individualism and nonconformity, influencing American thought and culture.
Context/Connection: was a key figure in the Transcendentalist movement, which challenged traditional religious and social norms.

Henry David Thoreau

A Transcendentalist writer and philosopher known for his advocacy of simple living, civil disobedience, and appreciation of nature.
Cause and Effect: 's ideas on civil disobedience influenced later social and political movements, including civil rights and environmentalism.
Significance: His work "Walden" promoted self-reliance and a connection with nature, critiquing materialistic society.
Context/Connection: represented the Transcendentalist ideals of individualism and spiritual connection with nature during the antebellum period.

Margaret Fuller

A prominent Transcendentalist, feminist, and literary critic who advocated for women's rights and social reform in the 19th century.
Cause and Effect: 's writings and activism inspired early feminist thought and contributed to the growing women's rights movement.
Significance: Her work "Woman in the Nineteenth Century" was a landmark text in American feminism, challenging gender roles.
Context/Connection: exemplified the intersection of Transcendentalist philosophy and early feminist thought in antebellum America.

Charles Grandison Finney

A prominent evangelist and leader of the Second Great Awakening, known for his innovative revival techniques and social reform advocacy.
Cause and Effect: 's revivals led to increased religious fervor and social reform movements, including temperance and abolition.
Significance: He popularized new methods of evangelism and emphasized individual moral responsibility and perfectionism.
Context/Connection: played a crucial role in the religious and social transformation of the "Burned-over District" in upstate New York.

William Lloyd Garrison

A prominent abolitionist and journalist who founded "The Liberator" newspaper and advocated for immediate emancipation.
Cause and Effect: 's uncompromising stance on slavery galvanized the abolitionist movement but also intensified sectional tensions.
Significance: He helped shift abolitionist thought from gradual emancipation to immediate and unconditional abolition of slavery.
Context/Connection: represented the radical wing of the abolitionist movement during the antebellum period.

Grimke sisters

Sarah and Angelina Grimke were prominent abolitionists and early women's rights activists from a Southern slaveholding family.
Cause and Effect: The ' public speaking and writing challenged gender norms and linked abolitionism with women's rights.
Significance: They were among the first women to speak publicly against slavery and for women's equality.
Context/Connection: The exemplified the connection between abolitionism and early feminism in the antebellum reform movements.

Nat Turner

An enslaved African American who led a slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831.
Cause and Effect: 's rebellion resulted in stricter slave codes and increased fear of slave uprisings in the South.
Significance: The revolt highlighted the tensions within the slave system and intensified debates over slavery.
Context/Connection: 's rebellion occurred during a period of increasing abolitionist activity and growing sectional divide over slavery.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A leading figure in the early women's rights movement and principal author of the Declaration of Sentiments.
Cause and Effect: 's activism led to the organization of the Seneca Falls Convention and the formal beginning of the women's rights movement.
Significance: She articulated a comprehensive critique of women's legal and social status in 19th-century America.
Context/Connection: connected various reform movements, including abolition and temperance, to the cause of women's rights.

Lucretia Mott

A prominent Quaker minister, abolitionist, and women's rights activist who helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention.
Cause and Effect: 's advocacy for women's rights and abolition contributed to the growth of both movements in the antebellum period.
Significance: She played a crucial role in linking abolitionism with women's rights, broadening the scope of both movements.
Context/Connection: exemplified the interconnectedness of various reform movements in antebellum America.

Marshall Court

The period of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall, known for establishing key principles of American constitutional law.
Cause and Effect: The decisions strengthened federal power and established the principle of judicial review.
Significance: It shaped the balance of power between federal and state governments and defined the role of the Supreme Court.
Context/Connection: The rulings laid the foundation for American constitutional law during the early republic period.

Marbury v. Madison

A landmark 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.
Cause and Effect: gave the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional, significantly expanding its authority.
Significance: The decision established the Supreme Court as a co-equal branch of government with the power to interpret the Constitution.
Context/Connection: was a key case in the Marshall Court era, shaping the role of the judiciary in American government.

McCulloch v. Maryland

An 1819 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States and federal supremacy over states.
Cause and Effect: affirmed broad federal powers under the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause.
Significance: The decision strengthened federal authority and limited state power to interfere with federal institutions.
Context/Connection: was part of the Marshall Court's series of rulings that favored a strong central government.

Gibbons v. Ogden

An 1824 Supreme Court case that broadly interpreted the Commerce Clause, giving Congress extensive power to regulate interstate commerce.
Cause and Effect: established federal supremacy over states in regulating interstate commerce, promoting national economic integration.
Significance: The decision facilitated the development of a national market economy and limited state economic protectionism.
Context/Connection: was another key Marshall Court ruling that strengthened federal power and promoted national unity.

American System

An economic plan proposed by Henry Clay to promote American economic development and self-sufficiency.
Cause and Effect: The led to increased federal involvement in economic development but also intensified sectional tensions.
Significance: It promoted internal improvements, protective tariffs, and a national bank to foster economic growth and national unity.
Context/Connection: The reflected the nationalist economic policies of the Era of Good Feelings and early National Republican Party.

Federalist collapse after the War of 1812

The decline and eventual dissolution of the Federalist Party following the War of 1812.
Cause and Effect: The Federalists' opposition to the war and the Hartford Convention led to their portrayal as unpatriotic, causing their political downfall.
Significance: The _ resulted in a period of one-party rule known as the Era of Good Feelings.
Context/Connection: This event marked the transition from the First Party System to a period of reduced partisan tensions.

"Corrupt Bargain" of 1824

A controversial political agreement that resulted in John Quincy Adams becoming president despite Andrew Jackson winning the popular vote.
Cause and Effect: The led to widespread accusations of political corruption and fueled Andrew Jackson's populist movement.
Significance: It contributed to the formation of the Democratic Party and the rise of Jacksonian Democracy.
Context/Connection: The marked the end of the Era of Good Feelings and the beginning of the Second Party System.

Democrats

A political party that emerged in the 1820s, emphasizing popular democracy, states' rights, and limited federal power.
Cause and Effect: The formed around Andrew Jackson, promoting policies that expanded voting rights and opposed the National Bank.
Significance: They became one of the two major parties in the Second Party System, shaping American politics for decades.
Context/Connection: The rise of the reflected the growing populist sentiment and expansion of democracy in the Jacksonian era.

Whigs

A political party formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson's policies, advocating for a stronger federal government and economic modernization.
Cause and Effect: The emerged as a coalition opposing Jacksonian policies, promoting the American System and moral reform.
Significance: They became the main opposition to the Democrats in the Second Party System, influencing national politics until the 1850s.
Context/Connection: The represented the continuation of National Republican policies and attracted supporters of economic development.

Second Party System

The political system in the United States from the 1820s to the 1850s, characterized by competition between the Democrats and Whigs.
Cause and Effect: The emerged from the collapse of the First Party System, leading to increased political participation and party organization.
Significance: It shaped American politics during a period of rapid economic and territorial expansion, addressing key issues like slavery and states' rights.
Context/Connection: The reflected the growing sectional tensions and competing visions of America's future during the antebellum period.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

A highly protective tariff passed in 1828 that favored Northern manufacturing interests at the expense of Southern agricultural interests.
Cause and Effect: The intensified sectional tensions and led to the Nullification Crisis in South Carolina.
Significance: It highlighted the economic divide between North and South and raised questions about states' rights versus federal authority.
Context/Connection: The was a key issue in the early Jacksonian era, reflecting the ongoing debate over economic policies.

South Carolina Exposition

A document written by John C. Calhoun in 1828 arguing for state nullification of federal laws deemed unconstitutional.
Cause and Effect: The laid the theoretical groundwork for South Carolina's later attempt to nullify the Tariff of 1828.
Significance: It articulated the doctrine of nullification, which became a key element of states' rights ideology.
Context/Connection: The reflected growing Southern resistance to federal policies perceived as favoring Northern interests.

South Carolina Protest

A formal protest issued by South Carolina in 1828 against the Tariff of Abominations, asserting the state's right to nullify federal laws.
Cause and Effect: The escalated tensions between South Carolina and the federal government, leading to the Nullification Crisis.
Significance: It represented a direct challenge to federal authority and highlighted the growing sectional divide.
Context/Connection: The was part of the broader debate over states' rights and federal power in the antebellum period.

Nullification Crisis

A confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government in 1832-33 over the state's attempt to nullify federal tariffs.
Cause and Effect: The resulted from South Carolina's opposition to protective tariffs, leading to a standoff with President Jackson.
Significance: It tested the limits of states' rights and federal authority, ultimately affirming federal supremacy.
Context/Connection: The foreshadowed later sectional conflicts and debates over state sovereignty versus federal power.

Force Bill

An 1833 legislation that authorized President Andrew Jackson to use military force to collect federal tariffs in South Carolina during the Nullification Crisis.
Cause and Effect: The demonstrated the federal government's resolve to enforce its laws, leading to a compromise on tariffs.
Significance: It asserted federal authority over states and helped resolve the Nullification Crisis without military conflict.
Context/Connection: The represented a key moment in the ongoing struggle between federal power and states' rights.

"Pet banks" (state banks)

State-chartered banks selected by President Andrew Jackson to receive federal deposits after he vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States.
Cause and Effect: The use of led to increased speculation and contributed to the Panic of 1837.
Significance: They represented Jackson's attempt to decentralize federal financial power and weaken the national bank.
Context/Connection: The were part of Jackson's broader attack on the Second Bank of the United States during the Bank War.

Panic of 1837

A severe economic depression that began in 1837, characterized by bank failures, high unemployment, and a collapse in cotton prices.
Cause and Effect: The resulted from speculative lending practices, Jackson's banking policies, and international economic factors.
Significance: It led to widespread economic hardship and shaped political debates over banking and currency policies.
Context/Connection: The occurred during the Jacksonian era and influenced the development of American economic policies.

Spoils System

A practice of political patronage in which a winning party gives government jobs to its supporters as a reward for working toward victory.
Cause and Effect: The led to increased political participation but also corruption and inefficiency in government.
Significance: It became a defining feature of Jacksonian democracy and shaped American political culture.
Context/Connection: The reflected the democratization of American politics during the Jacksonian era.

War of 1812

A conflict between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815, often called the "Second War of Independence."
Cause and Effect: The resulted from trade restrictions, impressment of American sailors, and British support of Native American tribes.
Significance: It boosted American nationalism and led to the collapse of the Federalist Party.
Context/Connection: The marked a turning point in American foreign policy and domestic politics.

Market Revolution

A drastic change in the manual labor system in the United States and parts of Europe that took place in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Cause and Effect: The was driven by technological innovations, improved transportation, and economic policies, leading to increased industrialization and urbanization.
Significance: It transformed the American economy from subsistence farming to a market-based system.
Context/Connection: The occurred alongside the Second Great Awakening and other social reform movements.

Second Great Awakening

A Protestant religious revival movement in the United States from the late 1790s to the 1830s.
Cause and Effect: The led to increased religious fervor and the growth of evangelical denominations, spurring various social reform movements.
Significance: It emphasized personal salvation and perfectionism, influencing abolitionism, temperance, and women's rights movements.
Context/Connection: The occurred during a period of rapid social and economic change in the United States.

Bank War

A political struggle between President Andrew Jackson and the Second Bank of the United States in the 1830s.
Cause and Effect: The resulted from Jackson's opposition to the national bank, leading to its demise and economic instability.
Significance: It reshaped American banking and monetary policy for decades to come.
Context/Connection: The was a key event in Jacksonian democracy and the debate over federal versus state power.

"Age of the Common Man"

A period in American politics during the presidency of Andrew Jackson characterized by increased political participation and populist rhetoric.
Cause and Effect: The led to expanded suffrage and a more democratic political culture, but also increased partisan conflict.
Significance: It marked a shift towards more populist politics and the rise of the modern two-party system.
Context/Connection: The coincided with the Market Revolution and the Second Great Awakening.

Universal white male suffrage

The extension of voting rights to all adult white males, regardless of property ownership or tax-paying status.
Cause and Effect: resulted from democratic reforms, leading to increased political participation and the rise of mass political parties.
Significance: It fundamentally changed American democracy by broadening the electorate and political power base.
Context/Connection: was a key feature of Jacksonian democracy and the "Age of the Common Man."

Sectionalism

The tendency to be more concerned with the interests of a particular region than with the interests of the nation as a whole.
Cause and Effect: intensified due to economic differences and the issue of slavery, leading to increased political tensions between North and South.
Significance: It contributed to the growing divide that ultimately led to the Civil War.
Context/Connection: became increasingly pronounced during the antebellum period, shaping political debates and party alignments.

Transcendentalism Nature

A philosophical and literary movement emphasizing the inherent goodness of people and nature, and the corrupting influence of society and institutions.
Cause and Effect: emerged as a reaction against rationalism, promoting a more intuitive and spiritual approach to understanding the world.
Significance: It influenced American literature, philosophy, and social reform movements.
Context/Connection: was part of the broader Transcendentalist movement during the American Renaissance.

Transcendentalism Self-Reliance

A core principle of Transcendentalism emphasizing individual autonomy and the importance of trusting one's own instincts and ideas.
Cause and Effect: encouraged individuals to resist conformity and societal pressures, leading to a culture of individualism and self-improvement.
Significance: It became a defining characteristic of American identity and influenced various reform movements.
Context/Connection: was popularized by Ralph Waldo Emerson and reflected the individualistic spirit of the Jacksonian era.

Transcendentalism Nonconformity

A key aspect of Transcendentalist philosophy that emphasized rejecting societal norms and expectations in favor of individual conscience.
Cause and Effect: led to challenges against traditional religious, social, and political institutions, inspiring various reform movements.
Significance: It contributed to a culture of individualism and social criticism in American thought and literature.
Context/Connection: was closely related to the concepts of self-reliance and nature in Transcendentalist philosophy.

Cult of Domesticity

A set of beliefs about gender roles in 19th-century America that emphasized the role of women as homemakers and moral guardians of the family.
Cause and Effect: The shaped societal expectations for women, leading to both limitations and opportunities for female influence.
Significance: It influenced women's education, social roles, and participation in reform movements.
Context/Connection: The developed alongside industrialization and the separation of public and private spheres.

True Womanhood

An idealized concept of femininity in 19th-century America, emphasizing piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity.
Cause and Effect: shaped societal expectations for women's behavior and roles, influencing education, literature, and social norms.
Significance: It both constrained women's opportunities and provided a basis for women's moral authority in reform movements.
Context/Connection: was closely related to the Cult of Domesticity and reflected broader societal changes during the antebellum period.

Nativism

A political and social movement characterized by anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic sentiments in 19th-century America.
Cause and Effect: arose in response to increased immigration, leading to discrimination and political movements against immigrants.
Significance: It influenced American politics, labor relations, and social dynamics throughout the 19th century.
Context/Connection: intensified during periods of economic uncertainty and rapid social change in antebellum America.

Utopian communities Transcendentalists

Experimental communities established by Transcendentalist thinkers to put their philosophical ideals into practice.
Cause and Effect: emerged from a desire to create ideal societies, leading to short-lived but influential social experiments.
Significance: They challenged conventional social norms and inspired later communal movements.
Context/Connection: were part of the broader utopian movement in antebellum America, reflecting Transcendentalist ideals of self-reliance and harmony with nature.

Utopian communities Oneida

A utopian community founded in New York in 1848 by John Humphrey Noyes, practicing complex marriage and shared property.
Cause and Effect: implemented radical social and religious ideas, leading to both controversy and economic success.
Significance: It challenged traditional notions of marriage and property, influencing later discussions on social organization.
Context/Connection: was one of several utopian experiments during the antebellum period, reflecting the era's spirit of reform and experimentation.

Utopian communities Shakers

A religious communal society known for their celibacy, communal living, and distinctive style of furniture.
Cause and Effect: established communities based on their religious beliefs, leading to unique social and economic practices.
Significance: They made significant contributions to American craftsmanship and agriculture, despite their declining numbers.
Context/Connection: were part of the broader utopian and religious movements of the antebellum period.

Utopian communities Mormons

A religious group founded by Joseph Smith that established several communities in the 19th century, eventually settling in Utah.
Cause and Effect: faced persecution for their beliefs, leading to westward migration and the establishment of a theocratic state in Utah.
Significance: They played a significant role in the settlement of the American West and challenged federal authority.
Context/Connection: were part of the Second Great Awakening and the broader utopian movement in antebellum America.

"Burned-over district"

A region in western New York known for its intense religious revivals and reform movements during the Second Great Awakening.
Cause and Effect: The experienced repeated waves of religious fervor, leading to the birth of new religious movements and social reform initiatives.
Significance: It was the birthplace of several important religious and social movements, including Mormonism and women's rights.
Context/Connection: The exemplified the religious enthusiasm and reform spirit of the Second Great Awakening.

"Benevolent Empire"

A network of Protestant reform societies that aimed to improve American society through moral and social reform in the early 19th century.
Cause and Effect: The emerged from the Second Great Awakening, leading to widespread efforts in temperance, abolition, and other reforms.
Significance: It played a crucial role in shaping American social and moral values during the antebellum period.
Context/Connection: The reflected the interconnection between religious revival and social reform in 19th-century America.

Romanticism

An artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that emphasized emotion, individualism, and the glorification of nature.
Cause and Effect: emerged as a reaction against Enlightenment rationalism, influencing art, literature, and social thought.
Significance: It shaped American cultural and intellectual life, emphasizing individualism and emotional expression.
Context/Connection: was closely related to Transcendentalism and influenced various reform movements in antebellum America.

Abolitionism (change over time)

The movement to end slavery in the United States, which evolved from gradual emancipation to calls for immediate abolition.
Cause and Effect: grew more radical over time, leading to increased sectional tensions and contributing to the outbreak of the Civil War.
Significance: It challenged the fundamental economic and social structures of the South and shaped national politics.
Context/Connection: was influenced by religious revivals, economic changes, and broader reform movements of the antebellum period.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

The first woman's rights convention in the United States, held in Seneca Falls, New York.
Cause and Effect: The brought together women's rights activists, leading to the Declaration of Sentiments and an organized women's rights movement.
Significance: It marked the beginning of the organized women's rights movement in the United States.
Context/Connection: The was influenced by abolitionism and other reform movements of the antebellum period.

Declaration of Sentiments

A document modeled after the Declaration of Independence, outlining the rights that American women should be entitled to as citizens.
Cause and Effect: The articulated the grievances and demands of women's rights activists, inspiring further activism and debate.
Significance: It became a foundational document of the American women's rights movement.
Context/Connection: The was a product of the Seneca Falls Convention and reflected the broader reform spirit of the antebellum era.

Francis Cabot Lowell

An American businessman and industrialist who helped bring the Industrial Revolution to the United States.
Cause and Effect: introduced power looms and the factory system to American textile production, revolutionizing the industry.
Significance: His innovations helped establish the textile industry in New England and shaped American industrialization.
Context/Connection: played a key role in the early stages of the Market Revolution in the United States.

Lowell Mills

A series of textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, known for employing young women and implementing a paternalistic labor system.
Cause and Effect: The provided employment opportunities for women but also led to labor disputes and discussions about working conditions.
Significance: They became a model for industrial development and sparked debates about labor rights and women's roles.
Context/Connection: The were a product of the Market Revolution and early American industrialization.

Eli Whitney

An American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin and developing the concept of interchangeable parts.
Cause and Effect: 's inventions revolutionized cotton production and manufacturing processes, contributing to the growth of slavery and industrialization.
Significance: His innovations had far-reaching effects on agriculture, industry, and the economy of the antebellum United States.
Context/Connection: played a crucial role in the Market Revolution and the expansion of cotton production in the South.

Cotton Gin

A machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793.
Cause and Effect: The dramatically increased cotton production, leading to the expansion of slavery and the cotton economy in the South.
Significance: It transformed the American economy and intensified sectional differences between North and South.
Context/Connection: The was a key technological innovation of the Market Revolution and shaped the antebellum period.

Interchangeable Parts

Standardized, identical components that can be easily assembled or replaced in manufacturing.
Cause and Effect: revolutionized manufacturing processes, leading to increased efficiency and the development of mass production.
Significance: They played a crucial role in American industrialization and the development of modern manufacturing.
Context/Connection: were a key innovation of the Market Revolution and contributed to America's industrial growth.

Samuel F.B. Morse

An American inventor and painter who developed the electric telegraph and Morse code.
Cause and Effect: 's invention of the telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication, leading to rapid information exchange.
Significance: The telegraph transformed business, journalism, and warfare, connecting distant parts of the country.
Context/Connection: 's innovations were part of the technological advancements of the Market Revolution.

Telegraph

A communication system that uses electrical signals to transmit encoded messages over a wire.
Cause and Effect: The enabled rapid long-distance communication, leading to changes in business, journalism, and warfare.
Significance: It revolutionized information exchange and played a crucial role in connecting the expanding nation.
Context/Connection: The was a key technological innovation of the Market Revolution and Industrial Revolution.

Railroad

A transportation system using trains running on tracks, which revolutionized travel and commerce in the 19th century.
Cause and Effect: The expansion facilitated faster transportation of goods and people, leading to economic growth and national integration.
Significance: It played a crucial role in westward expansion, industrialization, and the creation of a national market.
Context/Connection: The was a key component of the Market Revolution and shaped the economic and social landscape of 19th-century America.

National Road

The first major improved highway built by the federal government, connecting the Potomac and Ohio Rivers.
Cause and Effect: The facilitated westward migration and trade, leading to increased settlement and economic development in the Ohio Valley.
Significance: It represented the federal government's role in internal improvements and national integration.
Context/Connection: The was an early example of federal involvement in infrastructure development during the Market Revolution.

Canals (Erie Canal)

Artificial waterways built for transportation, with the Erie Canal being the most famous example in early 19th-century America.
Cause and Effect: The facilitated cheaper and faster transportation of goods, leading to economic growth and westward expansion.
Significance: They played a crucial role in connecting eastern markets with western resources and accelerating the Market Revolution.
Context/Connection: The were part of the transportation revolution that transformed the American economy in the early 19th century.

Steam power

A revolutionary technology during the Industrial Revolution that used steam engines to power factories, transportation, and machinery.
Cause and Effect: The enabled mass production, urbanization, and improved transportation, leading to economic growth and societal changes.
Significance: It transformed industries like textiles and iron, revolutionized transportation with railroads and steamships, and laid the foundation for modern industrial society.
Context/Connection: The was central to the Market Revolution and industrial advancements in both Europe and the United States.

Internal Improvements

Government-funded infrastructure projects such as roads, canals, and railroads aimed at enhancing transportation and economic growth.
Cause and Effect: The facilitated westward expansion, trade, and regional connectivity but also sparked debates over federal versus state funding.
Significance: They were critical to the Market Revolution and economic integration of the United States.
Context/Connection: The were a key component of Henry Clay's American System during the early 19th century.

Tariffs 1816

A protective tariff designed to shield American industries from foreign competition after the War of 1812.
Cause and Effect: The encouraged domestic manufacturing but increased tensions between industrial North and agricultural South.
Significance: It marked the beginning of protective tariffs in U.S. economic policy.
Context/Connection: The reflected early efforts to foster economic independence following the War of 1812.

Tariffs 1824

A tariff that increased duties on imported goods to protect American industries, particularly in textiles and iron.
Cause and Effect: The deepened sectional divisions as it benefited Northern manufacturers while burdening Southern consumers.
Significance: It was part of a series of tariffs that heightened North-South tensions in the antebellum period.
Context/Connection: The was an extension of protectionist policies initiated by the Tariff of 1816.

Tariffs 1828

Nicknamed the "Tariff of Abominations," it imposed high duties on imports, benefiting Northern industry at the expense of Southern agriculture.
Cause and Effect: The led to Southern protests, including South Carolina's Nullification Crisis, challenging federal authority.
Significance: It exacerbated sectional tensions and fueled debates over states' rights versus federal power.
Context/Connection: The was a flashpoint in the growing divide between North and South during the Jacksonian era.

New class system develops

A social hierarchy formed during the Market Revolution, dividing society into distinct classes based on wealth and occupation.
Cause and Effect: The emerged from industrialization, creating a wealthy industrial elite, a growing middle class, and an expanding working class.
Significance: It reshaped American society by introducing new economic opportunities but also increasing inequality.
Context/Connection: The reflected broader changes brought by urbanization and economic transformation in antebellum America.

Skilled vs. unskilled labor

A division in labor where skilled workers specialized in trades while unskilled workers performed basic tasks requiring minimal training.
Cause and Effect: The rise of factories reduced demand for skilled artisans while increasing reliance on unskilled laborers for mass production.
Significance: It led to changes in labor dynamics, wages, and working conditions during industrialization.
Context/Connection: The shift from _ was a hallmark of the Market Revolution's impact on American labor systems.

"Self-made man"

An ideal celebrating individuals who achieved success through hard work, ambition, and self-reliance rather than inherited privilege.
Cause and Effect: The concept of inspired social mobility but also reinforced individual responsibility amid growing economic inequality.
Significance: It became a defining feature of American identity during the 19th century.
Context/Connection: The notion of was popularized during the Jacksonian era as part of its emphasis on democracy and opportunity for all white men.

White male suffrage

The expansion of voting rights to all white men regardless of property ownership or tax status during the early 19th century.
Cause and Effect: The rise of increased political participation but excluded women, African Americans, and Native Americans from suffrage rights.
Significance: It democratized politics for white men while reinforcing racial and gender inequalities in voting rights.
Context/Connection: The spread of was a hallmark of Jacksonian democracy during the "Age of the Common Man."

Increased Irish and German immigration; push and pull factors; backlash

A wave of immigrants fleeing famine (Irish) or seeking political freedom (German) arrived in America during the mid-19th century.
Cause and Effect: Immigration provided labor for industrial expansion but also triggered nativist backlash due to cultural differences and job competition fears.
Significance: These immigrants shaped American culture while facing discrimination from nativist movements like the Know-Nothing Party.
Context/Connection: This immigration wave coincided with rapid industrialization during the Market Revolution era in antebellum America.

Lewis & Clark

Explorers commissioned by President Jefferson to map newly acquired western territories after the Louisiana Purchase (1803).
Cause and Effect: Their expedition provided valuable geographic knowledge but also paved the way for westward expansion at Native Americans' expense.
Significance: They strengthened U.S. claims to western lands while fostering scientific discovery about flora, fauna, and indigenous cultures encountered along their route.
Context/Connection:: Their journey marked early steps towards Manifest Destiny ideology shaping future U.S policies westward expansion.

Martin Van Buren

The eighth President of the United States who continued and enforced Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policies.
Cause and Effect: 's enforcement of the Indian Removal Act led to the forced relocation of Native American tribes, including the Trail of Tears.
Significance: His presidency marked the completion of major southeastern tribe removals and expansion of land cessions in other areas.
Context/Connection: prioritized economic issues and foreign policy over Native American concerns, reflecting the broader political landscape of the time.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee leader who sought to unite Native American tribes against U.S. expansion in the early 19th century.
Cause and Effect: 's efforts to create a pan-Indian alliance led to increased resistance against American settlers but ultimately failed after the Battle of Tippecanoe.
Significance: He became a symbol of Native American resistance and influenced future Indigenous movements.
Context/Connection: 's confederation aligned with the British during the War of 1812, reflecting shared opposition to U.S. expansionism.

William Henry Harrison

A military leader and the ninth President of the United States, known for his victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
Cause and Effect: 's defeat of Tecumseh's forces at Tippecanoe bolstered his reputation and contributed to his eventual presidency.
Significance: His military career symbolized U.S. westward expansion and conflicts with Native Americans.
Context/Connection: 's victory at Tippecanoe weakened Native American resistance and accelerated U.S. territorial expansion.

Battle of Tippecanoe

A conflict on November 7, 1811, between U.S. forces led by William Henry Harrison and Native American warriors associated with Tecumseh's confederation.
Cause and Effect: The resulted in the destruction of Prophetstown and dealt a significant blow to Tecumseh's efforts to unite Native American tribes.
Significance: It weakened Native American resistance to U.S. expansion and contributed to growing tensions leading to the War of 1812.
Context/Connection: The exemplified the ongoing struggle between Native Americans and European settlers during American westward expansion.

John Ross

A Cherokee leader who opposed Indian removal policies and fought to protect Cherokee sovereignty through legal and political means.
Cause and Effect: 's leadership during the Trail of Tears highlighted Cherokee resistance to U.S. removal policies but ultimately resulted in forced relocation.
Significance: He became a symbol of Cherokee resilience and advocacy for Indigenous rights within U.S. legal frameworks.
Context/Connection: 's efforts intersected with key events like Worcester v. Georgia, emphasizing Native sovereignty during the Jacksonian era.

Louisiana Purchase

A land acquisition in 1803 where the United States bought territory from France, doubling its size.
Cause and Effect: The opened vast lands for settlement but intensified debates over slavery in new territories.
Significance: It was a major achievement of Jefferson's presidency, promoting westward expansion and economic growth.
Context/Connection: The set the stage for Manifest Destiny and conflicts with Native Americans over land rights.

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. foreign policy statement in 1823 declaring opposition to European interference in the Americas.
Cause and Effect: The deterred European colonization but justified future U.S. interventions in Latin America.
Significance: It became a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy throughout the 19th century, promoting hemispheric dominance.
Context/Connection: The reflected growing nationalism during Monroe's presidency and aligned with broader trends like Manifest Destiny.

Indian Removal Act

An 1830 law signed by Andrew Jackson authorizing the forced relocation of Native American tribes to lands west of the Mississippi River.
Cause and Effect: The led to widespread displacement of Native American tribes, causing immense suffering and loss of ancestral lands.
Significance: It marked a turning point in U.S.-Native relations, prioritizing expansion over Indigenous sovereignty.
Context/Connection: The reflected Jacksonian democracy's emphasis on westward expansion at the expense of marginalized groups.

Trail of Tears

The forced migration of Cherokee people from their ancestral lands to present-day Oklahoma under harsh conditions between 1838-1839.
Cause and Effect: The resulted in thousands of Cherokee deaths due to disease, starvation, and exposure during the brutal 1,200-mile journey.
Significance: It remains a symbol of U.S. government oppression against Native Americans and their resilience in adversity.
Context/Connection: The occurred despite legal victories like Worcester v. Georgia, highlighting federal disregard for Indigenous rights during this era.

Adams-Onis Treaty

An 1819 agreement between Spain and the United States that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined boundaries between Spanish territories and Louisiana Purchase lands.
Cause and Effect: The resolved territorial disputes but increased U.S. focus on westward expansion into Mexican territories.
Significance: It solidified U.S. control over Florida while establishing clear boundaries with Spanish territories in North America.
Context/Connection: The reflected growing American influence under Monroe's presidency during an era of territorial growth.

5 Civilized Tribes

A collective term for five Southeastern Native American tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole) that adopted European customs.
Cause and Effect: Despite adopting European practices, the were forcibly removed from their lands under policies like the Indian Removal Act.
Significance: Their experiences highlight tensions between assimilation efforts and U.S. expansionist policies during this period.
Context/Connection: The played a central role in legal battles like Worcester v. Georgia against forced relocation policies during Jacksonian America.

Assimilation

A policy encouraging Native Americans to adopt European-American culture as a means to coexist with settlers peacefully.
Cause and Effect: Efforts at led some tribes to adopt farming, Christianity, and European customs but did not prevent forced removals.
Significance: It reflects broader themes of cultural erasure and resistance within U.S.-Native relations during westward expansion.
Context/Connection: Policies promoting were central to debates over Native sovereignty versus federal control during this era of expansionism.

Worcester v. Georgia

An 1832 Supreme Court case affirming Cherokee sovereignty by ruling that states could not impose laws on Native lands without federal approval.
Cause and Effect: The decision strengthened tribal autonomy but was ignored by Georgia and President Jackson, leading to continued displacement efforts.
Significance: It established important legal precedents regarding Native sovereignty under federal law despite limited immediate impact on policy enforcement.
Context/Connection: The ruling highlighted tensions between federal authority, state power, and Indigenous rights during Jacksonian America's expansionist policies.

Treaty of New Echota

An 1835 treaty signed by a minority faction of Cherokees ceding all tribal lands east of the Mississippi River in exchange for compensation from the U.S. government.
Cause and Effect: The led directly to Cherokee removal via the Trail of Tears despite widespread opposition among tribal members.
Significance: It remains controversial as an example of coerced agreements used to justify Indigenous displacement under federal policies.
Context/Connection: The exemplifies broader patterns of treaty violations by federal authorities during westward expansion at Indigenous peoples' expense.

Defense of slavery: Necessary evil vs. positive good

Two contrasting arguments used to justify the institution of slavery in the antebellum South.
Cause and Effect: The shift from viewing slavery as a "necessary evil" to a "positive good" hardened Southern resolve to maintain the institution.
Significance: These arguments shaped political discourse and intensified sectional tensions leading up to the Civil War.
Context/Connection: The evolution of pro-slavery rhetoric reflected changing economic and social dynamics in the antebellum South.

Paternalism

A social philosophy justifying slavery by portraying slaveholders as benevolent caretakers of enslaved individuals.
Cause and Effect: was used to rationalize the continuation of slavery, leading to a more entrenched defense of the institution.
Significance: It shaped Southern social structures and influenced post-Civil War race relations.
Context/Connection: was a key component of the "positive good" argument for slavery in the antebellum South.

SFI: Andrew Jackson, Second Great Awakening, Transcendentalism
Connection: Jackson's presidency exemplified the expansion of democracy, the Second Great Awakening inspired social reform movements, and Transcendentalism represented a new intellectual and cultural movement.

Key Concept 4.1
The United States developed a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation's democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them. This period saw the expansion of suffrage, growth of political parties, and the emergence of distinctive cultural groups.

SFI: Jacksonian Democracy, Whig Party, Democratic Party
Connection: Jacksonian Democracy championed expanded suffrage, while the Whig and Democratic parties emerged as the main political factions of the Second Party System.

Key Concept 4.1.I
The nation transitioned to a more participatory democracy by expanding suffrage from property-based to universal white male suffrage, accompanied by the growth of political parties. This shift fundamentally changed the nature of American politics and increased political participation.

SFI: Cult of Domesticity, Native American resistance, African American communities
Connection: The Cult of Domesticity defined middle-class women's roles, Native American tribes fought to preserve their cultures, and free African American communities developed unique cultural institutions.

Key Concept 4.1.II
While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own. This cultural diversification reflected the growing complexity of American society and the challenges of maintaining national unity.

SFI: Temperance movement, Abolitionism, Women's rights movement
Connection: The temperance movement sought to address alcohol abuse, abolitionism fought against slavery, and the women's rights movement advocated for gender equality.

Key Concept 4.1.III
Inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, increasing numbers of Americans worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals. This led to the growth of reform movements addressing various social issues.

SFI: Market Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Cotton Gin
Connection: The Market Revolution transformed the economy, the Industrial Revolution changed production methods, and the Cotton Gin boosted Southern agricultural productivity.

Key Concept 4.2
Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce accelerated the American economy, causing profound changes to U.S. society and national and regional identities. This period saw rapid industrialization and urbanization, particularly in the North and Midwest.