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Why are proteins useful as drugs?
Proteins catalyze biochemical reactions, form receptors and channels in membranes, provide scaffolding support, and have many other functions. Diseases can occur from mutations or abnormal concentrations of proteins, allowing proteins to be targeted to alleviate diseases.
What are antibodies?
Large proteins produced by immune cells in response to detecting foreign antigens, which directly bind to and block the action of those antigens.
How are antibodies made in the body?
B cells recognize foreign antigens through surface antibodies, present the antigen to T cells, which release cytokines to activate more B cells. B cells then expand and differentiate into memory B cells and plasma cells, with plasma cells secreting antibodies targeting the original antigen.
What is hybridoma technology?
A method for making antibodies in the lab by fusing antibody-producing B cells with a cancer cell line, allowing the production of unlimited quantities of monoclonal antibodies against any protein target.
What role do recombinant DNA technologies play in antibody production?
They enable the lab production of chimeric, humanized, and human monoclonal antibodies using cloned LC, Fd, and Fc domains from animal and/or human antibodies, produced from mammalian cells.
What are bioreactors used for?
Bioreactors are used for large-scale production of proteins/antibodies, requiring special culture media and growth conditions to grow large batches of protein-producing cells.
How are antibodies purified?
Antibodies are purified from serum or cell media using chromatography with beads containing protein A, washing out unwanted molecules, and eluting purified antibodies off the beads.
What are biologics?
Medicine made from living organisms or their products, primarily consisting of monoclonal antibodies and their conjugates, as well as hormones, enzymes, and other proteins.
