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What is a congenital bicuspid aortic valve?

Aortic valve with two leaflets instead of three, which may be stiffer and thicker, reducing its function.

What complications can arise from a congenital bicuspid aortic valve?

Aortic stenosis (AS), aortic regurgitation (AR), and heart failure due to overworking the heart.

What is the treatment for a congenital bicuspid aortic valve?

Valve replacement.

What are shunts?

Abnormal connections between the pulmonary and systemic circulations, affecting the direction of blood flow.

What is an acyanotic (left

to

What is a cyanotic (right

to

What is a VSD (ventricular septal defect)?

An opening in the intraventricular septum that causes a left

What are the symptoms of a large VSD?

Dyspnea with feeding, poor growth, loud holosystolic murmur, recurrent respiratory infections, and heart failure.

How is a VSD diagnosed and treated?

Diagnosed by echo, may close during infancy or require repair.

What is an ASD (atrial septal defect)?

An opening in the interatrial septum causing a left

What long

term complications can arise from an ASD?

What is the typical murmur in ASD?

A soft midsystolic murmur at the upper left sternal border with wide and fixed splitting of S2.

How is ASD treated?

Transcatheter device closure or surgery.

What is a PFO (patent foramen ovale)?

A flap

What complications are associated with PFO?

Small blood clots may travel through the PFO, leading to ischemic stroke.

What are the complications associated with shunts?

Right heart failure (RHF), heart failure (HF), and left or right ventricular failure.

What causes right heart failure (RHF)?

Volume overload in the right side of the heart.

What is left ventricular (LV) failure?

A condition where the left ventricle cannot pump enough blood, causing shortness of breath and fatigue.

What is right ventricular (RV) failure?

A condition where the right ventricle fails, causing peripheral and abdominal fluid accumulation.

What is infective endocarditis?

Infection of the heart valves caused by bacteria or fungus, leading to the formation of vegetations on the valves.

What are the symptoms of infective endocarditis?

Fever, chills, night sweats, stroke, and embolism of vegetations.

Who is at risk for infective endocarditis?

Patients with existing valve pathology, artificial valves, previous infective endocarditis, and IV drug users.

How is infective endocarditis diagnosed?

Blood cultures (Staphylococci, Streptococci, Candida), echocardiogram.

What is the difference between thrombus and embolism?

A thrombus is stationary, while an embolism is a traveling clot.

What are the symptoms of arterial blood clots?

Stroke, MI, paralysis, and pain.

How are arterial blood clots treated?

Catheter

What are venous blood clots?

Clots that form slowly and increase in symptoms over time.

How are venous blood clots treated?

Blood thinners/anticoagulants, IVC filter, and follow

What are the symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and superficial vein thrombosis (SVT)?

Cramping, tenderness, swelling, redness, and pain in the arms or legs.

What are the symptoms of a pulmonary embolism (PE)?

Shortness of breath, chest pain, fainting, coughing, irregular heart rate, and lightheadedness.

What is carotid artery stenosis?

Narrowing of the carotid artery due to atherosclerosis, which reduces blood flow to the brain.

What causes carotid artery stenosis?

Atherosclerosis, where plaque (atheroma) builds up in the arteries.

How is carotid artery stenosis diagnosed?

Ultrasound, CT angiography, or MRI.

What is hyperlipidemia?

High cholesterol that can cause atherosclerosis, angina, MI, stroke, and thrombosis.

What are the treatments for blood clots?

Blood thinners/anticoagulants to prevent clot growth, catheter thrombolysis, and thrombectomy.

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