phylogenetics and plants

phylogeny

The evolutionary history of a particular group of organisms or their genes.

clade

A monophyletic group made up of an ancestor and all of its descendants.

synapomorphy

A trait that arose in the ancestor of a phylogenetic group and is present (sometimes in modified form) in all of its members, thus helping to delimit and identify that group. Also called a shared derived trait.

monophyletic

Pertaining to a group that consists of an ancestor and all of its descendants.

primary endosymbiosis

The engulfment of a cyanobacterium by a larger eukaryotic cell that gave rise to the first photosynthetic eukaryotes with chloroplasts.

secondary endosymbiosis

The engulfment of a photosynthetic eukaryote by another eukaryotic cell that gave rise to certain groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes (e.g., euglenids).

True or false: Red algae are plants.

True

True or false: The earliest plants were land plants.

False. Plants emerged in the water and remained there for hundreds of millions of years before they transitioned to land.

green plants

A monophyletic group that consists of green algae and land plants.

What are two characteristics of green plants that distinguish them from other plants?

They have chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and they store carbohydrates as starch.

All plants have chloroplasts derived from ________________ endosymbiosis.

primary

True or false: The group of green algae is monophyletic.

False. It does not include the land plants, so it is paraphyletic, not monophyletic.

True or false: The group of land plants is monophyletic.

True. It consists of an ancestor and all of its descendants.

True or false: The group of plants is monophyletic.

True. It consists of an ancestor and all of its descendants.

True or false: The group of streptophytes is monophyletic.

True. It consists of an ancestor and all of its descendants.

oogamy

A condition in which organisms produce gametes of different morphologies. The larger gametes are eggs, and the smaller gametes are sperm.

isogamy

A condition in which organisms produce gametes of the same morphology, so there are no "male" gametes and no "female" gametes.

parenchyma

The primary tissue type of most streptophytes.

plasmodesmata

Channels that join the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.

What is a characteristic of ALL streptophytes?

A phramgoplast