Intro to Brain Science Final

MPOA

medial preoptic area - responsible for male secual behavior

MPOA lesion

decreases male copulatory behavior

MPOA stimulation

increases male secual behavior

inject testosterone in MPOA

increases male behavior

VHM → PAG

ventromedial hypothalamus → preiaqueductal gray, responsibel for femal secual ehavior

VHM lesion

decreases stimulation

inject estrogen in VMH

increases female secual behavior

C&R without early T

female typical beahvior (regardless of genotype)

C&R early T

male typical behavior (even in genetic females)

C&R high does E in females

can also masculanize (aromatzation to T)

male typical behavior requirements

early ORGANIZATION (permanent wiring) + Later ACTIVATION (hormone trigger)

organizational/activational hypothesis

permanently hard wires the brain circuits for male and female typical behavior/hormones switch on/inhibit/modulate the already built circuit

kinefelter syndrome XXY

extra x, small testes, low testosterone, often tall, some breast development, usually infertile

androgen insensitivity (CAIS)

XY w/x linked mutation → the testes make testosterone but nonfunctional androgen receptors cant responds it, normal female development except no uterus

XYY

taller than avg, usually normal secual development, IQ normal; mild learning language deficts

5a - REDUCTASE DEFICIENCY

cannot convert testosterone to DHT. male with ambiguous genitalia or undervirilization at birth.

turner syndrom - xo

one sex chromosome is missing. phenotypically female but ovaries are underdeveloped and non functional

DES exposure

synthetic estrogen exposure leading to reproductive tract abnormaalities and risk of vaginal cancaer

CAH

The adrenal cortex overproduces androgens. masculinize externalgenitalia

dimensions of biological sex

chromosomal sex → gonadal sex → hormonal sex → morphological sex → behavioral sex

LH lesion

complete lack of feeding (aphagia)

LH electrical stimulation

overeating (hyperphagia)

VHM lesions

hyperphagia + extreme obesity

VMH electrical stimualtion

aphagia

glucostatic/glucose utilization

short term (meal to meal)

lipostatic

long term (body weight control)

brown fat

burns calories as heat

white fat

main energy store

STM (primary memory)

short term, does not require protein synthesis

LTM (secondary memory)

long lasting, requires protein synthesis

results of LTD

AMPA receptor removed from membrane → nerve cell becomes less responsive to glutamate

synaptic plasticity

potentiation

increasing the probability of a long term effect

Early Long term potentiation

short lasting, no protein synthesis, relying on post-translational modifications

late long term potentiation

long lasting, requiring protein synthesis and gene exppression, involving changes in synaptic structure

long term depression

a process of synaptic weakening that decreases the strength of synaptic connections/ remove unnecessary connections, promoting efficent neural network organization

Basic Associative learning

learning about causal relationships in the world

S-S (stimulus stimulus) association

part of pavlovian conditioning; when two stimuli occur together, they become linked (ex pavlovs dog/salivary)

S-R (stimulus response) association

assc. w/instrumental conditioning, when a stimulus is followed by a response that results in a pleasurable outcome, they become linked

law of effect

behaviors followed by pleasant consequences are more likley to be repeated, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences are less likley to be repeated

positive reinforcement

R is followed by pleasurable stimulus (reward) → increase R

Positive punishment

R is followed by good/aversive stimulus → decrease R

Negative Reinforcement

R is followed by omission of aversive stimulus → increase R

Negative Punishment

R is followed by omission of reward → decrease R

Shaping

reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior until the target behavior is achieved

Delay condiitoning

when CS and US temporarily overlap

Trace conditioning

when there is a gap between the CS and US

trace interval

condiitoning gets weaker as interval gets longer

IP (cerebellar lessions)

abolish CR acquisition and retention

left cerebellar lesion

affects left eyeblink conditioning

right cerebellar lesion

affects right eyeblink conditioning

dementia

umbrella term to describe decline in cognitive function

early onset AD

age 30-64, 0.11%

Late onsent AD

65-74 (5.2%) 75-84 (13.8%) >85 (35.8%)

diagnosis of AD

amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in brain tissue, neurological exam