psychology sampling

Dement & Kleitman (1957) — How many participants were there?

9 adults: 7 males and 2 females. Five were studied extensively and four were used to confirm results.

Dement & Kleitman (1957) — Where was the study conducted?

"The study took place in a sleep laboratory at the University of Chicago

Dement & Kleitman (1957) — What type of study design was used in the sleep/dream investigation?

Laboratory-based research using repeated sleep observation/EEG recording and controlled awakenings; the study was experimental in its manipulation of awakening conditions.

Hassett et al. (2008) — Who was the sample?

135 rhesus monkeys

Hassett et al. (2008) — How many monkeys were included in the final analysis?

34 monkeys (23 females and 11 males) interacted with toys on more than five occasions and were included in analysis.

Hassett et al. (2008) — Where did the study take place?

the Yerkes National Primate Research Center.

Hassett et al. (2008) — What research method was used?

Naturalistic observation with video recording and behavioural coding.

Hölzel et al. (2011) — How many participants were there?

"33 right-handed healthy adults aged 25–55.

Hölzel et al. (2011) — How were participants divided?

16 were assigned to MBSR and 17 to the control group.

Hölzel et al. (2011) — Where were they recruited from?

They were recruited from four MBSR courses at the Center for Mindfulness.

Hölzel et al. (2011) — What research method was used?

"MRI brain scanning plus questionnaires

Andrade et al. (2010) — Who were the participants?

40 participants aged 18–55: 35 female and 5 male.

Andrade et al. (2010) — How many participants were there?

40 participants aged 18–55: 35 female and 5 male.

Andrade et al. (2010) — What was the sex breakdown?

40 participants aged 18–55: 35 female and 5 male.

Andrade et al. (2010) — Where did participants come from?

They came from the MRC Applied Psychology Unit participant panel.

Andrade et al. (2010) — What sampling technique is stated?

The notes do not explicitly label the sampling technique.

Andrade et al. (2010) — What research method was used?

Laboratory experiment comparing doodling with a control condition during an auditory information task.

Andrade et al. (2010) — What was the experimental manipulation?

Laboratory experiment comparing doodling with a control condition during an auditory information task.

Baron-Cohen et al. (2001) — What were the four groups in the sample?

"Group 1: 15 male HFA/AS adults

Baron-Cohen et al. (2001) — How many participants were in each group?

Group 1: 15 male HFA/AS adults; Group 2: 122 neurotypical adults; Group 3: 103 Cambridge students; Group 4: 14 IQ-matched male controls.

Baron-Cohen et al. (2001) — What were the important age/IQ characteristics?

"Group 1: 15 male HFA/AS adults

Baron-Cohen et al. (2001) — What sampling information is provided?

The source notes describe the groups but do not explicitly name a sampling technique.

Baron-Cohen et al. (2001) — What research method was used?

A controlled psychological test/comparison study using the Eyes Test; the revised test contained 36 items with one correct answer and three foils.

Baron-Cohen et al. (2001) — What type of task was used to measure the ability?

A controlled psychological test/comparison study using the Eyes Test; the revised test contained 36 items with one correct answer and three foils.

Pozzulo et al. (2011) — Who were the child participants?

"59 children aged 4–7 (mean 4.98; 21 female

Pozzulo et al. (2011) — How many children were there?

"59 children aged 4–7 (mean 4.98; 21 female

Pozzulo et al. (2011) — What were the children's ages and sex breakdown?

"59 children aged 4–7 (mean 4.98; 21 female

Pozzulo et al. (2011) — Who were the adult participants?

"53 adults aged 17–30 (mean 20.54; 36 female

Pozzulo et al. (2011) — How many adults were there?

"53 adults aged 17–30 (mean 20.54; 36 female

Pozzulo et al. (2011) — What were the adults' ages and sex breakdown?

"53 adults aged 17–30 (mean 20.54; 36 female

Pozzulo et al. (2011) — Where were the participants recruited?

"The children came from three private schools in Eastern Ontario

Pozzulo et al. (2011) — What sampling technique is stated?

The notes do not explicitly name the sampling technique.

Pozzulo et al. (2011) — What research method was used?

Laboratory/controlled experiment using video clips and target-present/target-absent photographic line-ups.

Bandura et al. (1961) — Who were the participants?

"72 children aged 3–6

Bandura et al. (1961) — How many children were there?

"72 children aged 3–6

Bandura et al. (1961) — What was their age range and mean age?

"72 children aged 3–6

Bandura et al. (1961) — Where did they come from?

Stanford University nursery school.

Bandura et al. (1961) — How were they allocated to groups?

Children were rated for aggression and assigned to groups so aggression levels were matched. There were 8 experimental groups of 6 and a control group of 24.

Bandura et al. (1961) — What sampling technique is stated?

The notes do not explicitly name a sampling technique.

Bandura et al. (1961) — What research method was used?

Controlled laboratory experiment using observational measures of children's behaviour after exposure to an aggressive or non-aggressive adult model.

Bandura et al. (1961) — What was the basic experimental design?

Controlled laboratory experiment using observational measures of children's behaviour after exposure to an aggressive or non-aggressive adult model.

Fagen et al. (2014) — Who were the participants?

Five female elephants: four juveniles aged 5–7 and one adult at least 50 years old.

Fagen et al. (2014) — How many elephants were there?

Five female elephants: four juveniles aged 5–7 and one adult at least 50 years old.

Fagen et al. (2014) — What were their ages?

Four juveniles aged 5–7 and one adult at least 50 years old.

Fagen et al. (2014) — What sex were they?

Five female elephants.

Fagen et al. (2014) — Where were they housed?

"All were housed in the same stable in Nepal; they were gentle/tame

Fagen et al. (2014) — What participant-selection information is given?

"All were housed in the same stable in Nepal; they were gentle/tame

Fagen et al. (2014) — What sampling technique is stated?

The notes do not explicitly name a sampling technique.

Fagen et al. (2014) — What research method was used?

"Behavioural training/learning study using repeated training sessions

Saavedra & Silverman (2002) — Who was the participant?

One 9-year-old Hispanic American boy in the Child Anxiety and Phobia Program at Florida International University.

Saavedra & Silverman (2002) — What was his age?

9 years old.

Saavedra & Silverman (2002) — What background information is given?

The button phobia had lasted 4 years.

Saavedra & Silverman (2002) — Where was he being treated?

He was in the Child Anxiety and Phobia Program at Florida International University.

Saavedra & Silverman (2002) — How long had the phobia lasted?

4 years.

Saavedra & Silverman (2002) — What assessment interview was used?

The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV–Child and Parent versions (ADIS-C/P) was used.

Saavedra & Silverman (2002) — What sampling technique is stated?

The notes do not explicitly name a sampling technique.

Saavedra & Silverman (2002) — What research method/design was used?

Single-case study / case study of an individual receiving a structured behavioural and cognitive treatment programme with follow-up assessment.

Milgram (1963) — Who were the participants?

40 male volunteers aged 20–50.

Milgram (1963) — How many participants were there?

40 male volunteers aged 20–50.

Milgram (1963) — What was their sex and age range?

40 male volunteers aged 20–50.

Milgram (1963) — How were they recruited?

They were recruited by newspaper advertisement in New Haven and came from varied occupations/backgrounds.

Milgram (1963) — Where did the study take place?

Yale University's interaction laboratory.

Milgram (1963) — What sampling technique is directly described by the recruitment procedure?

The notes describe volunteer recruitment rather than giving a formal sampling label; this should be remembered as volunteers recruited through an advertisement.

Milgram (1963) — What research method was used?

Controlled laboratory experiment testing obedience under standardised conditions.

Milgram (1963) — What type of experiment was it?

Controlled laboratory experiment testing obedience under standardised conditions.

Perry et al. (2015) — Who were the participants?

"54 male undergraduate students from the University of Haifa

Perry et al. (2015) — How many participants were there?

54 male undergraduate students from the University of Haifa.

Perry et al. (2015) — What was their sex and age range?

"54 male undergraduate students from the University of Haifa

Perry et al. (2015) — Where were they from?

The University of Haifa.

Perry et al. (2015) — How many times did each participant attend?

"Each participant attended twice

Perry et al. (2015) — What sampling technique is stated?

The notes do not explicitly name a sampling technique.

Perry et al. (2015) — What research method was used?

"Controlled laboratory experiment using intranasal oxytocin versus sterile saline

Perry et al. (2015) — What design feature made the study double-blind?

The study used intranasal oxytocin versus sterile saline with a double-blind procedure.

Piliavin et al. (1969) — Who/what was the sample?

"Approximately 4

Piliavin et al. (1969) — Approximately how many passengers were involved?

"Approximately 4

Piliavin et al. (1969) — What was the passenger population described as?

The passenger population was approximately 45% Black and 55% White.

Piliavin et al. (1969) — How many people were typically in a carriage and in the critical area?

Mean people per carriage was 43 and mean people in the critical area was 8.5.

Piliavin et al. (1969) — Who conducted the trials?

"Four teams

Piliavin et al. (1969) — How were the researchers organised?

"Four teams

Piliavin et al. (1969) — What sampling technique is stated?

The notes do not explicitly name a sampling technique.

Piliavin et al. (1969) — What research method was used?

"Field experiment / naturalistic observation on real subway passengers

Piliavin et al. (1969) — What type of observation was this?

"Field experiment / naturalistic observation on real subway passengers