Ap Biology Unit 3

Exergonic

reactions are those in which the products have less energy than the reactants.

catalyst

A catalyst is something that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed.

Enzymes

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions which is by lowering the activation energy and helping the transition state to form.Enzymes do NOT change the energy of the starting point or the ending point of the reaction. They only lower the activation energy.

Induced-fit

Enzymes and substrates don’t fit together quite so seamlessly. Enzymes have to change shape slightly to accommodate the shape of the substrates. This is called induced fit. Because the fit between the enzyme and the substrate must be perfect, enzymes operate only under a strict set of biological conditions.

Cofactors

Cofactors help enzymes. Cofactors can be either organic molecules called coenzymes or inorganic molecules or ions. Inorganic cofactors are usually metal ions (Fe2+, Mg2+).

Vitamins are examples of organic coenzymes

What does the Light-dependent reactions do

Use light to make ATP and NADPH (energy carriers)

what does Calvin cycle do

Uses ATP and NADPH to make glucose (no light needed)

Stroma

Fluid part of the chloroplast where the Calvin cycle happens.

Thylakoid

Where the light reactions take place; stacked into grana.

What do Cellular respiration do

Process that breaks down glucose to make ATP (energy).

Mitochondria

The organellee where respiration happens

what does Glycolysis do

First step; breaks glucose into pyruvate (in cytoplasm)

what does the Krebs cycle do

Breaks down pyruvate further to make energy carriers.

What does Electron Transport Chain (ETC) do

Uses carriers to make a lot of ATP.

Aerobic

Needs oxygen

Anaerobic

Doesn’t need oxygen

Fermentation

Anaerobic process; makes less ATP and produces things like lactic acid or alcohol