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Cell Division
The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
Chromosomes
Structures within cells that contain DNA and genetic information.
Asexual reproduction
A mode of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes and results in offspring genetically identical to the parent.
Sexual reproduction
A mode of reproduction that involves the fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in genetically diverse offspring.
Binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in which a single organism divides into two parts, each of which becomes a new organism.
Chromatin
The material of which the chromosomes of organisms are composed, consisting of protein, RNA, and DNA.
Histone
Proteins that help package and order DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.
Nucleosomes
The basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a core of histone proteins.
Sister chromatid
Identical copies of a chromosome, connected by a centromere.
Centromere
The region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined.
Cell Cycle
The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication.
Interphase
The phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends most of its time, preparing for division.
G1 phase
The first phase of interphase, where the cell grows and synthesizes proteins.
S phase
The phase of interphase in which DNA is replicated.
G2 phase
The second gap phase of interphase, where the cell prepares for mitosis.
Mitosis
The process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
Meiosis
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four genetically diverse gametes.
Cytokinesis
The process during cell division in which the cytoplasm divides, creating two daughter cells.
Mitotic spindle
A structure made of microtubules that segregates chromosomes during cell division.
Prophase
The first stage of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
Metaphase
The stage of mitosis where chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane.
Anaphase
The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase
The final stage of mitosis, where the chromosomes de-condense and nuclear envelopes reform.
Cleavage furrow
The indentation that begins the process of cytokinesis in animal cells.
Cell Plate
The structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells, leading to the separation of the two daughter cells.
Cancer
A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division.
Tumor
An abnormal mass of tissue that can be benign or malignant.
Benign tumor
A non-cancerous tumor that does not invade surrounding tissues.
Malignant tumor
A cancerous tumor that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.
Somatic cell
Any cell of the body except sperm and egg cells.
Homologous chromosomes
Pairs of chromosomes that have the same structure and carry the same genes.
