ANTH 205 - Ch. 5, 13, 15 Exam 3

What does 'Hmong' mean?

'Free people'

Where did the Hmong traditionally live?

Isolated mountain villages throughout China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam.

What was the Hmong response to French control in the 1890s?

They refused to pay extortion and rebelled, leading to special administrative status.

What agricultural practice do the Hmong use?

Slash and burn agriculture.

What are the staple crops of the Hmong?

Rice and corn.

What role does opium poppy play in the Hmong economy?

It is their only cash crop and has significant profits despite discouragement from Chinese authorities.

How are Hmong clans organized?

Patrilineal clan organization with children belonging to the father's clan.

What is the significance of the Hmong language?

Traditionally transmitted orally; written form developed in the 1950s.

What is a common marriage practice among the Hmong?

Arranged marriages, often with cross-cousin marriage preferred.

What is the Hmong belief about spirits?

They believe in a balance between life and afterlife, with spirits involved in household matters.

What was the Hmong involvement in the Vietnam War?

They were recruited by the CIA to help repel communist troops.

What happened to the Hmong after the Vietnam War?

Many were abandoned by the US and faced persecution in Laos.

What is the Pathet Lao?

A communist, Marxist-Leninist, nationalist group that took over Laos.

What challenges did the Hmong face when fleeing to Thailand?

They faced capture by government troops and dangers from the environment.

How did the Hmong adapt in the US?

They wanted to maintain their Hmong identity and faced cultural challenges.

Where do the Tiwi people live?

Melville and Bathurst islands off the north coast of Australia.

What is the primary subsistence strategy of the Tiwi?

They are hunters and gatherers, relying on dietary abundance from their environment.

What changes occurred for the Tiwi after European settlement?

They became employed in a variety of jobs.

What type of environment do the Tiwi inhabit?

Flat land with mangrove forests and seasonal monsoons.

What was the population of the Tiwi people?

Approximately 2,000.

What is the significance of the Hmong's agricultural practices?

They reflect their adaptation to the environment and economic needs.

How do Hmong women contribute to their culture?

They are renowned textile artists and use clothing to tell stories.

What is a unique feature of Hmong marriage customs?

Elopement is a permitted alternative to arranged matches.

What is the Hmong view on premarital sex?

There is no stigma attached, and pregnancy can be a route to marriage.

What is the role of shamanic spirits in Hmong culture?

They select their own representatives among the Hmong for healing practices.

What was the outcome of the Hmong's alliance with the US during the Vietnam War?

They were left vulnerable after the US withdrawal, facing persecution.

What is the traditional Hmong belief regarding soul loss?

It is considered a dangerous supernatural ailment requiring special ceremonies.

What was the impact of the Geneva Protocol on Laos?

It guaranteed neutrality, which was ignored, leading to US bombing campaigns.

What is the significance of the Tiwi's dietary practices?

They reflect their environment's abundance and traditional hunting and gathering methods.

What was the population of the Tiwi during the early 19th century?

Approximately 2,000.

What subsistence strategy did the Tiwi primarily use?

They were hunters and gatherers.

What types of food made up most of the Tiwi diet?

Fish, game, and gathered fruits and vegetables.

How did Tiwi settlements change after European contact?

Tiwi became employed in various jobs such as education, health, community service, and government.

What is the significance of the term 'country' for the Tiwi?

It indicates their land ownership and has changed over the years.

What does 'tiwi' mean?

It means 'people'.

What is the kinship system of the Tiwi based on?

Matrilineal descent groups, also known as 'skin'.

How do Tiwi people view kinship?

They believe everyone is kin, with close geographical proximity indicating closer kinship.

What is the Tiwi belief about conception?

A Tiwi child can only be conceived if dreamed of by the mother's husband.

What is the 'pukamani' in Tiwi culture?

It refers to anything forbidden or taboo, often associated with mourning or initiation rites.

What is the Kulama initiation ceremony?

A ceremony where people dig up, cook, and eat Kulama yams.

What happens during the pukamani funeral ceremony?

People gather to mourn, shave their heads, and observe various taboos.

What is the population of the Yanomami?

Approximately 26,000.

Where do the Yanomami primarily live?

In tropical or Amazon forests in Brazil and Venezuela.

What are the main components of the Yanomami diet?

Foraging and horticulture, with 80% of food grown in village gardens.

What is the Yanomami belief about illness?

Illness is caused by hekura spirits that consume part of a person's soul.

What is the role of shamans in Yanomami culture?

Only men can be shamans, and they cure villagers by luring hekura spirits.

What happens to a Yanomami body after death?

The body is cremated, and ashes are consumed in soup.

How are marriages arranged in Yanomami culture?

Girls are betrothed young and marry older men, often without choice.

What is the political structure of Yanomami villages?

Villages have a headman who represents them, and political life centers on maintaining ties between villages.

How has modern contact affected the Yanomami?

Exposure to diseases, environmental destruction, and violence from miners have impacted their lives.

What is the significance of the jaguar in Yanomami belief systems?

It is a prominent figure in stories that distinguish nature and culture.

What happens if a Yanomami's animal counterpart is hunted?

The person associated with that animal will die next.

What is the role of women in Yanomami marriages?

Women are subjected to physical cruelty but depend on brothers for protection.

What is the significance of political alliances among Yanomami villages?

Alliances are crucial for survival, but trust is limited due to competition.

What do Yanomami believe about the afterlife?

Accession to the world of spirits is impossible unless every trace of the person is removed.