Applied Psychology Review Sheet Quiz 6_fall2024

Crowding vs Density

Crowding refers to the psychological feelings of discomfort due to too many people in a space, while density is the physical measure of the number of individuals in a given area.

Primary Territories

Primary territories are spaces that individuals claim as their own, such as a home or office.

Secondary Territories

Secondary territories are spaces that are shared but not formally owned, such as a park or library.

Types of Personal Space

The different types of personal space include intimate (0-18 inches), personal (18 inches-4 feet), social (4-12 feet), and public (12 feet or more).

Main Health-Related Environmental Concern

The most serious health-related environmental concern is air pollution.

Barriers to Solving Environmental Problems

Barriers include lack of political will, inadequate funding, social resistance, and insufficient public awareness.

Warning Issued in 1993

The warning was issued by the group called the 'Union of Concerned Scientists'.

Three Main Sources of Ecological Threats

The three main sources are population growth, consumption patterns, and technological change.

Guiding Theoretical Approaches (Ecological Sustainability)

The main approaches include behavior analysis (how behavior can be changed), cognitive dissonance (holding conflicting beliefs), social dilemma (individual vs collective interests), and persuasion (influencing attitudes and behavior).

Success Factors for Environmental Conservation Programs

Factors include community involvement, education and awareness, appropriate funding, and policy support.

Descriptive vs Injunctive Norms

Descriptive norms reflect what most people do, while injunctive norms reflect what should be done, e.g., recycling (injunctive) vs littering (descriptive).

Precautionary vs Polluter-Pays Principle

The precautionary principle advocates for preventive action in the face of uncertainty, while the polluter-pays principle requires polluters to bear the costs of environmental harm.

Components of Behavioral Intent (Theory of Planned Behavior)

Behavioral intent is determined by attitude towards the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

Pygmalion Effect

The Pygmalion Effect refers to the phenomenon where higher expectations lead to an increase in performance.

Rosenthal’s Pygmalion in the Classroom Study

This study demonstrated how teacher expectations can influence student performance based on their beliefs about students' abilities.

Moderators vs Mediators

Moderators influence the strength or direction of a relationship, while mediators explain the mechanism through which one variable affects another.

Diagramming a Mediation Effect

A mediation effect diagram shows the pathway from independent variable (X) to mediator (M) to dependent variable (Y), illustrating how M carries the effect of X on Y.

Judge’s Instructions and Jury Behavior

The research showed that the way judges instruct juries can significantly impact jury decision-making.

Four Factor Model (Teacher Expectancy Effects)

The four variables are: feedback, climate, input, and output which mediate how teacher expectations affect student performance.

Moderating Variables of Pygmalion Effect

One teacher variable could be their teaching style, a student variable could be their motivation level, and a contextual variable could be the classroom environment.

Teacher Expectancies Affecting Student Outcomes

Teacher expectancies can create a self-fulfilling prophecy, leading to expectations influencing performance throughout the school year.

Jane Elliott’s Blue-eyes Brown-eyes Study

This study demonstrated how arbitrary distinctions among people can create prejudice and discrimination, impacting interpersonal expectations.

Interpersonal Expectancy Effects as a Double-Edged Sword

This means that while they can motivate and uplift, they can also lead to negative outcomes if expectations are low.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy vs Pygmalion Effect

Both concepts involve expectations influencing behavior, where low expectations can lead to poor performance, whereas high expectations can facilitate better outcomes.