VITAMINS AND MINERAL

• Organic compounds

• Must be obtained from dietary sources

• Human body can’t synthesize in enough amounts

• Essential for proper functioning of the body

• Needed in micro and milligram quantities

• Enough vitamin can be obtained from balanced diet

• Supplemental vitamins may be needed after illness

• Many enzymes contain vitamins as part of their structures - conjugated enzymes

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VITAMINS.

water soluble

fat soluble

two classes of vitamins

coenzyme

cannot be coenzyme

water soluble can be _______

but fat soluble ________

13 Known vitamins

Synthetic and natural vitamins are same

solubility

vitamin group are base on there

vitamin b group

vitamin c

2 water soluble

vitamin A

vitamin D

vitamin E

vitamin K

4 fat soluble

• Thiamin (vitamin B1)

• Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

• Niacin (nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, vitamin B3)

• Adenine (vitamin B4)

• Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)

• Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine)

• Biotin (vitamin B7 or vitamin H)

• Inositol (vitamin B8)

• Folate (folic acid vitamin B9)

• Para-aminobenzoic acid ( PABA vitamin B10)

• Salicylic acid (vitamin B11)

• Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

The preferred and alternative names for the B vitamins:

• Adenine (vitamin B4)
• Inositol (vitamin B8)
• Para-aminobenzoic acid ( PABA vitamin B10)
• Salicylic acid (vitamin B11)

NOT ESSENTIAL VITAMIN B (EITHER OUR BODY CAN CREATE THEM OR NOT NECESSARY IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT)

vitamin b

Exhibit structural diversity

coenzymes

will not work as well

Major function: B Vitamins are components of __________ If wala kang vitamin B yung mga enzyme na need ng vitamin B _________

chemically modified

however water soluble can function as coenzyme which is vitamin B and C but unlike vitamin C the most vitamin B need to be __________ para mag function within coenzyme

2.0 µg

vitamin b per day for an adult

vitamin c

1928

1933

laboratory

this is most know vitamin ________ discovered in ______ and unang siyang na characterized in ______ and the same year din siyang unang na synthesize in ____________

simples

vitamin c has ___________ structure

oxidize form (dehydroascorbic acid)
reduced form (ascorbic acid)

vitamins 2 active form in human body

Humans

monkeys

apes

guinea pigs

where you see the vitamin c and need dietary vitamins

vitamin c

Co-substrate in the formation of structural

protein collagen (found in skin) (matrix for bone production)

vitamin C

vitamin E

General antioxidant _______ with ________

amino acids

vitamin c Involved in metabolism of certain ____________

100 mg/day

excreted

________ is enough to saturates all body tissues -

Excess vitamin is ________

30 milli grams per day

60 milli grams per day

75 milli grams per day

RDA (mg/day): recommended diatary allowance

• Great Britain:

• United States and Canada:

• Germany:

scurvy (common disease sa mga pirates and sailors kasi wala silag source ng vitamin c habang nasa dagat)

a serve vitamin c deficiency is called

VITAMINS A, D, E, K

• Involved in plasma membrane processes

• unlike water soluble more hydrocarbon like with fewer functional groups (non-polar)

Vitamin A

only 1/1000 of vitamin A

3 Forms

body

b-carotene

Has role in vision - ______________ is in retina

• ______ of vitamin A are active in the _____

• Derived from __________

notes if na derive in beta

yellow to red-orange pigment present in carrots, squash,

cantaloupe, apricots, and other yellow vegetables and fruits, as well as in leafy green vegetables

Retinoids

- preformed vitamin A forms

retinol - vitamin b alcohol

retinal - vitamin a aldehyde

retinoic acid - vitamin a acid

retinoid 3 form

1. Vision

2. Regulating Cell Differentiation

3. Maintenance of the healthy of epithelial tissues via epithelial tissue differentiation

4. Reproduction and Growth

FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN A

opsin protein

visual pigment rhodopsin

light energy

nerve impulses

brain

Vision (as retinal): In the eye- vitamin A combines with _________ to form the _______________ which further converts ________ into ___________ that are sent to the _______.

0.1%

kahit yung vision function sa vitamin A yung pinaka sikat pero _____ lang yung vitamin A sa mata natin

Regulating Cell Differentiation (as retinoic acid)

- process in which immature cells change to specialized cells with function.

• Examples: Differentiation of bone marrow cells white

blood cells and red blood cells.

Differentiation of bone marrow cells

white blood cells

red blood cells.

Examples: of Regulating Cell Differentiation

Maintenance of the healthy of epithelial tissues via

epithelial tissue differentiation (as retinoic acid)

Lack of vitamin A causes such surfaces to become drier

and harder than normal.

sperm development

fetal development during pregnancy

Reproduction and Growth (as retinoic acid): In men, vitamin A participates in ____________. In women, normal _____________________________ requires vitamin A.

VITAMIN D2 (ergocalciferol)

VITAMIN D3 (cholecalciferol)

Two forms active in the body

7 DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL

CHOLESTEROL

SKIN

how to create vitamin D3

UV LIGHT REACT IN _______________ THAT PRECURSOR MOLECULE FORM _________ THAT U CAN SEE IN OUR ________ (kaya pinapaarawan yung mga baby para magkaroon ng vitamin D3)

BONE

CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE

MAINTAIN THE BLOOD METHODS OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE PARA MADALING MABSORB NG _______ AND PROMOTES THE ABSORBTION OF _____________________ IN INTESTINE (para madali tayo makaabsorb form the food form diatary source)

VITAMIN D

BONE MATRIX

HELP TO DEPOSITE NG CALSIUM SALT AND IN

______________

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)

is found in foods of plant origin

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

is found in foods of animal origin.

VITAMIN D3

Sunshine Vitamin: Synthesized by UV light

from sun

7-dehydrocholesterol

precursor molecule of Vitamin D3

VITAMIN D

Ca

P

It controls correct ratio of ___ and __ for

bone mineralization (hardening)

intestine

As a hormone it promotes Ca and P absorption in ___________

vitamin e

Consist of four forms: alpha-, beta-, delta-, and gamma-tocopherol

alpha-tocopherol

beta-tocopherol

delta-tocopherol

and gamma-tocopherol

Consist of four forms: vitamin e

Alpha-tocopherol

is the most active biological active form of Vitamin E

Peanut oils

green leafy vegetables

whole grain products

the sources of vitamin E

VITAMIN E

PRIMARY FUNCTION: as an antioxidant – protects against oxidation of other compounds (POLYUNSATURATED FA)

VITAMIN E

PREVENT OXIDATION OF VITAMIN A AND POLYUNSATURATED FA

HYDROXYL GROUP

OXYGEN

FREE RADICAL

VITAMIN E CONTAIN _________ AND IT GIVE HYDROGEN TO IN THE _________ CONTAINING _________ TO PREVENT OXIDATION

VITAMIN C

SINCE VITAMIN E GIVE HYDROCARBON MAKIKIPAGINTERACT SIYA KAY _______ TO RESTORE HYDROGEN

VITAMIN K

Active in the formation of proteins involved in regulating blood clotting

K1 (phylloquinone)

K2 (menaquinones)

Two major forms: vitamin k

K1 (phylloquinone)

found in dark green, leafy vegetables

K2 (menaquinones)

SEE IN HUMAN AND ANIMALS

K2 (menaquinones)

is synthesized by bacteria that grow in colon

ESCHERICHIA COLI

EXAMPLE BACTERIA OF K2 (menaquinones) (PRODUCE VITAMIN K)

o 1/2 synthesized by bacteria

o 1/2 obtained from diet

Dietary need supply: vitamin K

VITAMIN K

ESSENTIAL TO FORM PROTEIN THAT YOU SEE IN PLASMA (ASK KAY REESE)

MINERALS

INORGANIC COMPOUND

MAJOR MINERALS

TRACE MINERALS

Two groups (Essential minerals)

✓ Calcium

✓ Phosphorus

✓ Sodium

✓ Potassium

✓ Magnesium

5 MAJOR MINERALS OR MARCO MINERALS

✓ Iron

✓ Zinc

✓ Iodine

3 TYPE OF TRACE MINERALS OR MICRO MINERALS

IRON

ZINC

THE IMPORTANT OR NEED OF OUR BODY TYPE OF TRACE MINERALS

MAJOR IS LARGE AMOUNT

TRACE IS SMALL AMOUNT

DIFFERENT IN TRACE AND MAJOR

5 GRAMS (LEVEL TEASPOON OF MINERAL)

AMOUNT-WISE, THE DIVIDING LINE BETWEEN MAJOR AND TRACE MINERAL IS?

✓ Body building – teeth and bones

✓ Control of body processes, especially the nervous system

✓ Essential part of body fluids and cells

✓ Form part of enzymes and other proteins necessary for the release ofenergy

MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF MINERALS

Functions: CALCIUM

Teeth and bones, blood clotting, nerve and muscle contraction heart regulation

Dairy products

fortified white bread,

green vegetables

nuts and seeds

Sources: CALCIUM

Stunted growth can cause

rickets (children)

osteoporosis (adult) (female is prone here)

Deficiency: effect of low calcium

HYPOCALCEMIA

DISEASE OF LOW CALIUM

BONE

BLOOD, MUSCLE AND OTHER TISSUE

99% OF CALIUM IS IN THE _____

THE 1% SEEN IN THE _______, _______, ________

Functions: PHOSPHORUS

Bones and teeth accompanied by calcium

muscle contraction

Dairy products

nuts

Meat

fish

oats

cocoa

Sources: PHOSPHORUS

rarely deficient but could cause tiredness and

depression

Deficiency: PHOSPHORUS

Functions: SODIUM

Maintains water balance in the body and controls body temperature, Helps you sweat when body temperature rises

Cheese

Smoked meats

fish

table salt

Sources: SODIUM

deficiency is highly unlikely (not commonly because our food contain sodium unless you eat walang lasang food) (high sodium ang prob not deficiency sodium)

Deficiency: SODIUM

FUNCTION: POTASSIUM

Muscle contraction and maintaining body fluid.

It is necessary for the building of muscle and for normal body growth.

potassium

our body do not produce this so were lay in sources

Banana

celery

meat

fruits

milk

grains

legumes,

raisins

dates

figs

Sources: POTASSIUM

dry skin

acne

muscle spasms or weakness

Deficiency: POTASSIUM

very critical

stop heart

potassium is _________inside laboratory kasi is masobrahan ka ng potassium or mag kulang it cause __________

serious heart risk

severe potassium loss

FUNCTION:MAGNESIUM

muscle contraction, DNA synthesis, controls blood sugar and blood pressure, cofactor of enzymes

300 enzymatic reaction

magnesium is important because it involve in the ____________ so cofactor siyang maraming enzyme

Cheeses

cocoa

chocolate

nuts

beans

Sources: MAGNESIUM

Hypocalcemia

Deficiency: MAGNESIUM

because magnesium it regulates calcium level in our body

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

vitamin D

why in magnesium have deficiency of hypocalcemia e hindi naman ito calcium

by affecting 2: __________, _________

PARATHYROID HORMONE

URINARY LOSS OF CALCIUM

HELP RELEASE CALCIUM FORM BONE AND HELP TO ABSORB AGAD CALCIUM SA FOOD PARA HINDI MAGKAROON NG__________________

vitamin D

parathyroid hormone act here to absorb agad calcium sa food

hypomagnesemia

PARATHYROID GLAND

condition where there is a low level of magnesium in blood (IF MABABA ANG MAGNESIUM THE _____________ CANNOT LOSS PARATHYROID HORMONE)

INEFFICIENT MOBILIZATION OF CALCIUM

INEFFICIENT ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM

OR OUR BODY MAGIGING RESISTANCE IN PARATHYROID HORMONE OR HINDI MAG RESPONDE IN PARATHYROID HORMONE LEADING TO ________________ AND___________ KAYA MABABA CALCIUM LEVEL

Functions: IRON

Production of hemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen in the blood form lungs into tissue used and stored oxygen in muscle

Red meat

liver

eggs

bread

green vegetables

Sources: IRON

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Deficiency: IRON

Iron Deficiency Anemia

need right amount of iron dahil pag kulang mag kakaroon ng

children

pregnant

women under period

who risk having iron deficiency anemia is