CR BOOK ONE: Struggle for Civil Rights 1890-1945

[impact of Jim Crow] What was the Reconstruction era?

defeated southern states were brought back into the USA

[impact of Jim Crow] What did the 13th amendment do?

Abolished slavery

[impact of Jim Crow] What did the 14th amendment do?

granted all US citizen equality before the law

[impact of Jim Crow] What did the 15th amendment do?

declared the right to vote could not be denied on race

[Disenfranchisement] What is it?

denying a person or peoples the right to vote

[Disenfranchisement - How] What did the Poll Tax do?

• made people pay to vote

• rules were complex and expensive (inaccessible to black people)

[Disenfranchisement - How] What did a supreme court ruling in Mississipi do?

All new measures introduced in Mississippi were deemed to be legal

[Disenfranchisement - How] What measures did Mississippi introduce to disenfranchise voters?

• literacy tests

• poll tax

• residential requirements

[Disenfranchisement - How] What were the grandfather clauses?

gave the vote to all male adults whose father or grandfather had voted before 1867

[Disenfranchisement - How] What was significant about understanding clauses?

allowed registras to enrol illiterate men with little or no property if they could demonstrate an understanding of a section of the state constitution

[Disenfranchisement - response] Who repealed the enforcement legislation?

A democrat-dominated Congress

[role of supreme court in De Jure segregation] When and what was Plessy vs Ferguson?

1896 - court rejected activists case that segregation in transport was unlawful

[role of supreme court in De Jure segregation] What was the significance of the outcome of Plessy vs Ferguson?

• states rights to segregate upheld

• separate but equal does not contravene 14th

• sets precedent for other social seg.

[role of supreme court in De Jure segregation] When and what was Cumming vs Board of Education?

1889 - court rejected activists case which had argued that unequal funding for black schools contravened the 14th

[role of supreme court in De Jure segregation] What was the significance of the outcome of Cumming vs Board of Education?

• seg in education is given de jure approval

• approval of limited education for blacks

[role of supreme court in De Jure segregation] to what scale does the supreme court uphold and embed Jim Crow ?

set the precedent for the development of seg on state level

[role of supreme court in De Jure segregation] What does the supreme court abuse to embed and uphold Jim Crow?

separate but equal was abused and made unequal

[role of supreme court in De Jure segregation] What does the supreme court do to embed and uphold Jim Crow?

find loopholes in the amendments that perpetuate jim crow

[role of supreme court in De Jure segregation] What does the supreme court confirm to embed and uphold Jim Crow?

confirms de facto racist attitudes are acceptable

[racial violence] What happened in Wilmington, North Carolina and when?

1898 — race riot where 11 African Americans were killed and hundreds made homeless by a white mob

[racial violence] Where were race riots common and what were their outcomes?

• The race riots were a national problem but particularly bad in the south

• resulted in deaths and homelessness

[racial violence] Between 1882 and 1930, lynching killed how many African Americans?

2,805

[racial violence] Who was lynched in Newnan, Georgia in 1899?

• Sam Hose

• plantation labourer who had killed his employer in self-defence

• mutilated and burned alive before 2000 onlookers

• only afterwards accused of rape

[racial violence] What is miscegenation?

interracial relations - in southern states, de facto, it was prohibited

[AA response - Key individuals] What does Booker T. Washington establish in 1900?

National Negro Business League

[AA response - Key individuals] What speech did Booker T. Washington give and what did it say?

Atlanta Compromise - stated it was foolish to agitate for equality: believed it would come through work not force.

[AA response - Key individuals] How many presidents did Booker T. Washington advise?

6 presidents

[AA response - Key individuals] What was booker t. washington’s impact?

• law and influence over violence and protest

• powerful (ear of govt.)

• not a lot of direct change

[AA response - Key individuals] Negatives of Booker t. washington

• too accomodating

• willing to compromise the right to vote to gain economic power

[AA response - Key individuals] What was William Du Bois’s background?

PhD from Harvard - first African American

[AA response - Key individuals] What were William Du Bois’s beliefs?

• civil rights must be obtained first, then equality

• rapid integration

• racial relations - uncompromising with other activists

[AA response - Key individuals] What was William Du Bois’ role in the NAACP?

editor of ‘the crisis’ - protest and uplift

[AA response - Key individuals] What did William Du Bois’ ideas inspire?

the harlem renaissance (cultural change)

[AA response - Key individuals] What was the overall impact of William Du Bois?

Neg:

• leader w/o followers

• too militant for his time

Pos:

• inspired others

• ideas were relevant

[Booker T. Washington] Which presidents did he advise?

• Cleveland

• McKinley

• teddy Roosevelt (#1)

• Taft

• Wilson

[Booker T. Washington] What did he become in 1896 and what increased as a result?

McKinley’s adviser on black affairs - racial tensions increased

[Booker T. Washington] What does pres roosevelt do in 1901?

Invite Washington to dine at the white house

[Booker T. Washington] What did Washington’s relationship with presidents do for blacks?

• increased black morale

• raised black profile

[Booker T. Washington] When were the Brownsville riots?

1906

[Booker T. Washington] How many blacks died in the brownsville riots?

10

[Booker T. Washington] What happened at brownsville?

A white man was killed in a shoot out between blacks and whites outside Fort Brown, Texas

[Booker T. Washington] How did roosevelt respond to brownsville despite Washington’s pleas?

decided to dismiss all black troops at fort brown

[Booker T. Washington] What did washington manage to persuade pres taft do to in 1908?

not support disenfranchisement law in his acceptance speech

[Booker T. Washington] What did Wilson think of BTW and why?

wanted nothing to do with him - Wilson was a southerner

[Booker T. Washington] Who did Wilson praise for helping save the south from black rule during reconstruction?

the KKK

[Booker T. Washington] When did he work with William Du Bois and what did they work on?

1904

• worked together for the repeal of railroad seg. laws in Tennesse

• And for a NY conference to discuss black voting rights in the south

[William Du Bois] How did WDB differ from BTW?

Du Bois was born a free man in the North - experienced relatively little prejudice until he attended Fisk, a southern black university

[William Du Bois] When did WDB become a professor at Atlanta University?

1897

[William Du Bois] What type of intergration did WDB seek?

rapid

[William Du Bois] How did BTW feel about WDB aggressive approach to intergration?

felt it would only serve to alienate whites

[William Du Bois] What did he establish to end inequality and when?

1905 - Niagara Movement

[William Du Bois] Who did the Niagara movement purposely exclude?

BTW

[William Du Bois] At the time of the Niagara Movement, what was happening to BTW?

he was slowly being superseded as a universally acknowledged black leader

[William Du Bois] what other organisation did WDB exclude BTW from?

NAACP

[NAACP] What were the NACCP’s aims?

make america’s 11 million blacks economically, intellectually, and socially free and equal

[NAACP] What matters did the NAACP concentrate on?

political and legal matters

[NAACP] What organisation did BTW establish as he was restricted from the NAACP?

National Urban League

[NAACP] What was the NAACP’s newspaper?

The crisis

[WDB] What was he able to publicise in The Crisis?

riots and lynchings

When was Birth of a Nation released and what did it do?

1915 - revitalised the KKK

[BTW - significance] What strategy did he prefer?

• reassure and conciliate whites

• while quietly campaigning against seg and discrimination through the courts

• stressed economic advancement

[BTW - significance] What did his private papers reveal?

• appeared to whites he favoured seg

• secretly financed and directed several court suits against seg in southern railroad facilities

• worked similarly against disenfranchisement

[BTW - significance] Given the degree, extent, and longevity of white hostility to blacks, what stood more of a chance of consolidating black gains in America in comparison to what?

Accommodation stood more of a chance in comparison to confrontation

[BTW - significance] What did he demonstrate and what did this increase?

• demonstrated that a black born in slavery could become a nationally and internationally respected figure

• increased self-confidence of blacks

[BTW - significance] What did he found and what did it do?

• The Tuskegee Institute

• school that focused on practical skills in the hope it would lead to economic independence and empowerment

[BTW - significance] What did Tuskegee do quietly?

provided academic education and produced many black teachers

[NAACP] What did the NAACP help pass in 1915?

Guinn V The United States - grandfather clause declared unconstitutional

[NAACP] What did the NAACP help pass in 1917?

Buchanan v. Warley - segregated housing was unconstitutional

[NAACP] What report did the NAACP write in 1919?

report on lynching

[NAACP] When did Du Bois resign from the organisation and why?

1948

• rift with leadership

• Du Bois support USSR in cold war

• increasingly left wing

[NAACP] In 1920, how many branches and members were there?

300 branches

100,000 members

[NAACP] Why did the NAACP need membership?

money - membership fees and wealthy benefactors