Evolution/Diversity of Seed Plants

Ovule

Sporangium w/ single spore and small egg producing gametophyte

Ovule enclosed in

Integuments

Fertilization occurs AFTER

Pollination

Key adaptation to reproduction in a land habitat

Seed

Seeds have not replaced

spores

Lycophytes and ferns release

one type of spore and gametophyte

Homospory

Spores are same size

Heterospory

Spores are different sizes

Endosporic Gametophytes

Protected gametophyte inside micro and megaspore

Heterospory Advantage

Cross-fertilization

Pollen

Disperses male gametophytes

Ovules

Protect and provides nutrition to female gametophytes and embryos

Seeds

Allows plants to reproduce in diverse habitats

Wood

Tissue composed of empty water conducting cells strengthened by lignin

Vascular Cambium

Meristematic tissue that produces xylem and phloem

Inner bark is used for transporting

watery solutions of organic compounds

Resin-duct

Resin prevent attack by pathogens and herbivores

Corraloid roots

Roots above ground, resembling corals.

Corraloid Roots harbor what for nitrogen fixation?

Cyanobacteria

Distinctive Reproduction

Cone structures w/ ovules, seeds, pollen. Emits orders to attract beetles, and beetles carry pollen to ovules.

Single remaining species of Ginkgo

Bilobo

Ginkgophyta

Long lived trees, grows to 30 meters

Coniferophyta is named for

Seed Cones

Integument

Tough protective outer layer.

Megaspores are produced by

Meiosis in megasporangium

Megagametophyte

Female Gametophyte

Male Strobili

Sporangia-bearing structures densely aggregated along a stem

Conifer Seeds

Wings for wind dispersal or brightly colored coatings to attract birds

Gnetum

Broad leaves; vines, shrubs or trees

Gnetum is found in

Africa and Asia

Ephedra is native to arid

Southwest USA

Welwitschia

taproot, 2 long leaves

Welwitschia is found in

Coastal Namib desert in SW Africa

Angiosperm defining features are

Flowers and Fruits

Enclosed Seeds

Seeds within fruit

Sepals

Green outer layer of flower

Petals

Often Colorful

Stamens

Produces pollen

Carpels

Produce ovules

Stigma

Receives and recognizes pollen

Style

Long middle portion

Ovary

Encloses and protects ovules

Stigma regulates what pollen is allowed to

germinate

After germination starts to grow pollen tubes in

style

Pollen competition occurs in the

style

Homeotic Gene

Regulates development of structures

40 to 70 percent of all plants are

polyploid

Autoploidy

Nondisjunction results in extra chromosomes in gametes

Alloploidy

Hybridization between 2 species with different chromosomes counts followed by whole genome duplication

Fruits develop from

Ovary walls

Constancy/Fidelity

Pollinators learn flower characteristics and visit them consistently

Pollination Syndrome

Patter of coevolved traits b/w flowers and their pollinators

Specialist Pollinators

Attends one or few species. Pollen gets to right plant.

Generalist Pollinator

Pollinator attends many plant species. May deliver to wrong species

Pollen tube

Tubular structure produces male gametophyte

Lignin

Complex organic polymer, makes cell walls rigid and woody

Tracheid

Water conducting cell in xylem

Bract

modified leaf or scale. Associated with reproductive structure.

Micropyle

Opening in ovule where pollen tube penetrates

Archegonia

Female reproductive organs that produces eggs

Pollengrains

what pollen is composed of

Endosperm

Tissue produced inside the seed of most flowering plants

Pistil

Femal organs of a flower

Pistil anatomy consists of

Stigma, style, and ovary

Nondisjunction

Failure to separate properly

Synthesis

Production of chemical compounds lead to simpler materials

Whole-genome Duplication

Duplication of ALL genes in genome

Order Gnetales contain phylums

Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia

Order Gymnosperms contain phylums

Cyadophyta, ginkgophyta, confierophyta

Cyadophyta

Corraloid roots, produces toxins, distinctive reproduction

Ginkgophyta

Single species, long live, tall