20160306 Sheehy - Rise of Totalitarianism

What were the terms of the versailles treaty in regards to hitler

• 70,000 sq. km of land was taken away from Germany. No overseas colonie, military reduced and huge bill to pay

Czar Nicholas II

(1868-1918) Czar of Russia (1894-1917). He was overthrown during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Later, he and his family were killed by the revolution's leadership.

Alexander II

(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.

Bolsheviks

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.

Mensheviks

The party which opposed to the Bolsheviks. Started in 1903 by Martov, after dispute with Lenin. The Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership.

Social revolutionaries

A group of Marxists who believed that a worldwide revolution would begin in Russia with the peasants; they won the elected of 1917 following the Second Revolution but Lenin arrested them and tried them as enemies of the state.

New economic policy

Lenin's economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry

Five-year plan

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.

What were Mussolini's beliefs

He believed in Fascism, wanted total control over Italy and to restore it, wanted to get rid of the govt, no individual rights

What was the economic situation like in germany between 1918 and 1923

The cost of the war was huge and it made the North have to raise tariffs, add excise taxes, and institute the first income tax.The US Treasury issued paper money call greenbacks that were not backed by gold which helped cause inflation. A National BAnking System was created.

Weimer government

The democratic government in Germany after WWI, it was weak, ineffective, and very unpopular for accepting the Treaty of Versailles

Kulak

Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class.

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

nihilism

belief that existence and all traditional values are meaningless

collective farming

many small farms combined into one under government control

autocrat

Absolute in power or authority

abdicate

to give up a position, right, or power

what happened to ethiopia in 1935

Ethiopia was conquered by italy in a swift war

what year did the russian revolution take place?

1917

what are the beliefs of fascists

A dictator having complete power. Radically opposing all other government systems besides fascism. Forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism. Regimenting all industry, commerce, etc.,Emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.

what are the beliefs of communists

equalizing the social conditions of life particularly the abolition of inequalities in terms of possession of property and equal distribution of wealth to all. It requires that no one should own anything privately and that all material wealth is centralised for all to benefit.

Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

mussolini

(1883-1945) Socialist party leader and radical newspaper editor before WWI. Program of nationalist/socialist demands. Assaults Socialists to get support from middle class. He and Black Shirts terrorize town, push out Socialists. Allowed follwoers to think they weren't just opposing Communists but making a real revolution that would help little people. March on Rome 1922, king Victor Emmanuel III asks Mussolini to form new cabinet, dictatorial authority for one year.

hitler

(1889-1945) Totalitarian dictator of Germany; his invasion of European countries led to WWII. He espoused notions of racial superiority and was responsible for the mass murder of millions of Jews & others in the Holocaust.

what were hitler's first steps toward war

Passed Enabling Act to give himself full dictatorial power, got rid of Reichstag, proclaimed himself "Fuhrer", replaced SA with SS (gestapo)

who did the nazis blame for germany's WWI defeat

Jews

Describe the common pattern that developed in many european countries after WWI

Many countries went into turmoil, with it many powerful leaders arose

Beer hall putsch

In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf.

tripartite pact

Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US

what was japan's government like in the early 1920's

Japan oligarchic political structure allowed elite groups to negotiate with each other for policy and allowed military leaders to take growing role

why do militarism and imperialism in japan rise in the latter part of 1920's

the military assassinated the prime minister and took control

machuria

japan invaded to get resources without the prime ministers consent and they assasinated him. from this point on the japanese military was in control

rape of nanking

infamous genocidal war crime committed by japanese military in Nanjing. started in 1937 and lasted a few weeks. japanese army raped, stole and killed prisoners of war and civilians

causes of russian revolution

Russian social hierarchy, first stages of industrialization, weak economy, foriegn investments and influence, Russo-Japanese War, unrest among peasnts, The Battleship of Potemkin Mutiny

two world powers that emerged from WWI in better financial state than when they started

United states and united kingdom

Dawes plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Kellog-brand pact

Treaty signed by the U.S. and 61 nations. The treaty limited the siz of a nation's army and outlawed war. It did not include any penalty for breaking the treaty.

which event began the worldwide depression of the 1930's

The collapse of the stock market

why did the japanese soldiers commit so many atrocities in nanking

they were encouraged by the military leaders

USS panay

American ship sunk by Japanese in 1937. The US boat was floating up an international river in Manchuria, and Japan saw guns on board, so they fired. Japanese were testing their power and America's foreign attitude. Americans were not at all alarmed, and after an apology and a payment, pretended the incident didn't happen.

Stimson doctrine

1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria

spanish civil war

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

women's rights under stalin

Allowed them education and opportunities in politics

national german socialists workers party

nazi party

russo-japanese war

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

how did japan react to the league of nations condemnation of their actions in manchuria

they dropped out from the league of Nations

lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

rasputin

Self-proclaimed holy man who claimed to heal the sick and have prophecy. He had much influence over Tsarina Alexandra and she often went to him for advise on political issues.

trotsky

A brilliant strategist who served as commander of the victorious Reds in the civil war and Lenin's advisor until Lenin's death. He was very persuasive and had charisma; he was very good at propaganda. He fought Stalin for the head job after Lenin's death in 1924, but lost.

purges

What Stalin ordered all who opposed him to be killed or put in prison and during the rule of Stalin millions were killed

how was czarist russia like france before french revolution

both had absolute monarchs and in both the civilians were very poor and hungy; famine

why did the germans support hitler in 1932

People thought Hitler could solve Germanys unemployment problems. He was believed to be the strong leader that Germany needed, and that he could restore order. People feared communism, and Hitler said he would destroy it. Also, there was the treaty of versailles, which had taken German land away in the 1st world war, which Hitler also promised to destroy. He built up weapons and army to take back the lost land, and he created jobs, improved work conditions, and guaranteed markets for farmers.

black shirts

A private army under Mussolini who destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy.

march on rome

Event in 1922 that displaces King Victor Emmaneul and establishes Mussolini as leader of Italy

gulag

A russian prison camp where enemies of the government were often sent

"peace, bread, land"

Lenin's slogan, his promise to the working class & peasants

what is stalin's nickname

joey; man of steel, red tsar

what is mussolini's nickname

lI duce

what is hitler's nickname

Fuhrer; herr wolf

what was czarist russia like

Nobody, not even nobles, truly had any rights. The czar censored many literary works and could execute nobles for possessing them or for speaking against him. Anyone who was viewed as a threat to the czar's power could be tortured, killed, or exiled to Siberia. Generally peasants would be executed while nobles were often left alive and exiled to Siberia to perform hard labor.

war communism

A system introduced under Bolshevik rule after 1917 which involved land being seized and redistributed, factories given to the workers, banks being nationalized, and church property being granted to the state. This was enforced by the Cheka.

relationship between hitler and mussolini

Hitler appreciated Mussollini's style of leadership. He ruled his people by making sure they feared him - something you would recognize in Hitler's actions. Mussolini used World War 1 veterans as those who he trusted for guidance - which were called the "Black Shirts". Hitler's version were the "Brown Shirts" or the Nazis. These are examples of Mussollini's influence upon Hitler's ruling style.

what was the traditional nickname of the czar

tsar

9 power treaty

China, the U.S., Great Britain, Japan, Italy, France, Belgium, Portugal, and the Netherlands, signed this treaty, which made them agree to respect the sovereignty, independence, and territorial and administrative integrity of China