The changing economic world

Where is Nigeria located?

West Africa

Population of Nigeria?

Over 200 million (largest in Africa)

What type of economy is Nigeria?

NEE (Newly Emerging Economy)

Why is Nigeria considered an NEE?

Rapid economic growth, industrialisation

Main economic activity in Nigeria?

Oil extraction and export

What percentage of Nigeria's exports is oil?

Around 90%

Main challenge for Nigeria's economy?

Over-reliance on oil

Describe economic diversification in Nigeria.

Developing agriculture, manufacturing, services

Name Nigeria's economic capital.

Lagos

Name Nigeria's political capital.

Abuja

Main export crops from Nigeria?

Cocoa, palm oil, rubber

What is GDP?

Gross Domestic Product, total value of goods/services produced

What is GNI?

Gross National Income, GDP plus income from abroad

What is GNI per capita?

Average income per person

What does HDI measure?

Human Development Index: health, education, income

What is life expectancy?

Average number of years a person is expected to live

What is infant mortality rate?

Number of babies dying before age 1 per 1,000 births

What is literacy rate?

Percentage of population that can read and write

What does birth rate measure?

Number of live births per 1,000 people per year

What does death rate measure?

Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year

What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

Model showing population change over time

How many stages are in the DTM?

Five stages

Describe Stage 1 of DTM.

High birth and death rates, stable low population

Describe Stage 2 of DTM.

Death rate falls, birth rate high, population rises rapidly

Describe Stage 3 of DTM.

Birth rate falls, death rate low, population growth slows

Describe Stage 4 of DTM.

Low birth and death rates, stable population

Describe Stage 5 of DTM.

Birth rate very low, death rate rises slightly, population decline

Which DTM stage is Nigeria in?

Stage 2-3 (transitioning)

Which DTM stage is the UK in?

Stage 4-5

Why does death rate fall in Stage 2?

Improved healthcare, sanitation, food supply

Why does birth rate fall in Stage 3?

Education, contraception, women's empowerment

What is natural increase?

Birth rate higher than death rate

What is natural decrease?

Death rate higher than birth rate

What is bilateral aid?

Aid given directly from one country to another

What is multilateral aid?

Aid given through international organisations (e.g. UN, World Bank)

What is voluntary aid?

Aid given by charities and NGOs

What is short-term aid?

Immediate relief after disasters (emergency aid)

What is long-term aid?

Sustainable projects for development (e.g. schools, wells)

What is tied aid?

Aid with conditions, often benefits donor country

What is fair trade?

Trade ensuring fair prices and conditions for producers

How does fair trade help farmers?

Guarantees minimum price, better working conditions

What is the fair trade premium?

Extra money for community projects

Give an example of fair trade product.

Coffee, cocoa, bananas

What is free trade?

Trade without tariffs or barriers

What is a tariff?

Tax on imports

Why do tariffs exist?

Protect domestic industries

What is debt relief?

Cancelling or reducing a country's debt

How does debt relief help development?

Frees money for health, education, infrastructure

What is microfinance?

Small loans to help people start businesses

How does microfinance support development?

Empowers individuals, reduces poverty

What is foreign direct investment (FDI)?

Investment from one country into another's businesses

How does FDI benefit Nigeria?

Creates jobs, brings technology, improves infrastructure

What is a TNC?

Transnational Corporation, operates in multiple countries

Name a TNC operating in Nigeria.

Shell, Unilever, Nestlé

Benefits of TNCs in Nigeria?

Jobs, investment, skills, tax revenue

Disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria?

Profits leave country, environmental damage, exploitation

Describe Nigeria's manufacturing growth.

Textile, food processing, vehicle assembly industries growing

What is Nigeria's "Nollywood"?

Film industry, second largest globally by volume

How does Nollywood benefit Nigeria?

Jobs, cultural influence, income

Main agricultural products in Nigeria?

Cassava, yams, rice, maize

Challenges for Nigerian farmers?

Land degradation, climate change, lack of technology

How is Nigeria improving agriculture?

Irrigation, fertilisers, training, diversification

Main environmental issue from oil in Nigeria?

Oil spills, pollution in Niger Delta

Social impact of oil extraction in Nigeria?

Conflict, displacement, health problems

What is the Niger Delta?

Oil-rich region in southern Nigeria

Describe inequality in Nigeria.

Wealth concentrated in cities, rural areas poorer

How is education improving in Nigeria?

More schools, literacy campaigns, university expansion

Challenges for Nigerian healthcare?

Limited access, disease (malaria, HIV), underfunding

How is technology transforming Nigeria?

Mobile banking, internet, e-commerce growth

Describe infrastructure challenges in Nigeria.

Poor roads, unreliable electricity, limited clean water

How is Nigeria investing in infrastructure?

New roads, power stations, ports

What is corruption's impact on Nigeria?

Slows development, reduces investment, inequality

Political stability issue in Nigeria?

Ethnic tensions, Boko Haram insurgency in northeast

How does Nigeria's location benefit trade?

Atlantic coast, access to global shipping routes

Describe urbanisation in Nigeria.

Rapid growth of cities like Lagos

Challenges of rapid urbanisation in Nigeria?

Slums, traffic, pollution, lack of services

What is Lagos's population?

Over 14 million (one of fastest-growing cities)

Economic importance of Lagos?

Finance, trade, manufacturing hub

Environmental challenge in Lagos?

Waste management, flooding, air pollution

Where is Jamaica located?

Caribbean island, south of Cuba

Population of Jamaica?

About 3 million

Main economic activity in Jamaica?

Tourism

Why is tourism important to Jamaica?

Major source of income and jobs

Main tourist attractions in Jamaica?

Beaches, culture, music (reggae), Blue Mountains

Benefits of tourism for Jamaica?

Jobs, foreign currency, infrastructure investment

Disadvantages of tourism for Jamaica?

Environmental damage, economic dependence, inequality

What is economic leakage in tourism?

Profits leaving country to foreign companies

How can Jamaica reduce economic leakage?

Promote local businesses, all-inclusive alternatives

Describe Jamaica's agriculture.

Bananas, sugar, coffee (Blue Mountain coffee)

How does fair trade benefit Jamaican coffee farmers?

Better prices, stable income, community investment

Main challenge for Jamaica's economy?

High debt, dependence on tourism

How is Jamaica diversifying its economy?

Developing manufacturing, services, agriculture

What is remittance?

Money sent home by people working abroad

How do remittances help Jamaica?

Boosts income for families, supports economy

Describe the UK's economic structure change.

Shift from primary/secondary to tertiary/quaternary

What is the primary sector?

Extraction of raw materials (farming, mining, fishing)

What is the secondary sector?

Manufacturing and construction

What is the tertiary sector?

Services (retail, healthcare, education)

What is the quaternary sector?

Knowledge-based (research, IT, finance)

Why has UK manufacturing declined?

Globalisation, cheaper production abroad, automation