Biology Chapter 5

how many valence electrons does carbon have?

four

how many valence electrons does oxygen have?

six

how many valence electrons does nitrogen have?

five

how many covalent bonds does carbon form?

four

how many covalent bonds does oxygen form?

two

What are the four macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, Nucleic Acids

how many covalent bonds does nitrogen form?

three

water is a _____________ molecule

polar

carbohydrates are _____________ molecules

polar

lipids are _________________ molecules

nonpolar

thing being dissolved

solute

thing doing the dissolving

solvent

polar solutes are dissolved by ______________ solvents

polar

nonpolar solutes are dissolved by ________________ solvents

nonpolar

R group bonded to a C with OH and H (amino acid)

carboxyl

carboxyl groups are ________________

acidic

acids are proton ______________

donors

bases are proton ________________

acceptors

NH₂

amino group

Amino groups are ____________.

basic

monomer (protein)

amino acid

monomer (carbohydrate)

monosaccharide

monomer (nucleic acid)

nucleotide

A strand of amino acids is called a _____________.

polypeptide

type of bond between two amino acids

peptide bond

monomer (triglyceride)

fatty acids

polymer (protein)

protein

polymer (carbohydrate)

polysaccharide and disaccharide

polymer (nucleic acid)

DNA and RNA

Types of Lipids

Tryglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids

Fat for energy storage.

Triglycerides

Type of lipid that forms cell membranes.

Phospholipids

Involve hormones and structural functions.

Steroids

Which Lipid does this describe?

2 Fatty Acids + Phosphate + R group

Phospholipid

Which Lipid does this describe?

4-Carbon Ring

Steroid

Which Lipid does this describe?

Glycerol + Fatty Acids

Triglyceride

______________________ reaction (also called dehydration synthesis): joining monomers by pulling out water.

condensation

condensation reactions are ______________________

endothermic

______________________ reaction: separating monomers by putting water in

hydrolysis

hydrolysis reactions are ____________________________

exothermic

list the groups in an amino acid.

amino group, carboxyl group, R side chain group

the protein structure where a single chain of amino acids are bonded to each other (carboxyl to amine group) with covalent bonds.

primary

the protein structure where carboxyl and amino groups from the opposite sides of a chain interact and form α helices and β pleated sheets.

secondary

the protein structure where r groups forming hydrogen, disulfide, hydrophobic, and ionic bonds causes the amino acid chain to bend and fold.

tertiary

in tertiary structure, polar r groups interact with polar r groups, non polar r groups with nonpolar r groups. What is this an example of?

like interacts with like

the protein structure where multiple proteins in tertiary structure join via hydrogen bonding.

quaternary

Formula for Carbohydrates

(CH₂O) n

This monomer is the primary metabolic fuel (glucose, galactose, fructose).

monosaccharide

polymer consisting of two monosaccharides, not stored. (ie: sucrose = 1 glucose + 1 fructose)

disaccharide

glucose + galactose =

lactose

glucose + fructose =

sucrose

glucose + glucose =

maltose

polymer consisting of more than two monosaccharides, stored. (starch, cellulose, glycogen)

polysaccharide

A condensation reaction between two monosaccharides molecules creates a ___________ _____________?

glycosidic linkage

Storage carbohydrates typically found in plant cells.

starch, cellulose

In which plastid in a plant cell is starch stored?

Amyloplasts

membrane-bound organelles that perform various functions essential to the cell's metabolism and health. (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts)

plastid

Where in a plant’s cell wall is cellulose stored?

microfibril

Storage carbohydrate found in the liver and muscles.

Glycogen

_________________ fatty acids have more hydrogen and no double bonds.

saturated

___________________ fatty acids have less hydrogen and therefore more double bonds.

unsaturated

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol

triglyceride

lipid that looks like a carbohydrate

steroid

lipids are ____________________ because they are _________________.

hydrophobic, nonpolar

orientation of nucleotide base sequence

5' to 3'

Adenine pairs with

thymine

Guanine pairs with

cytosine

base pairs bond to each other via ______________ bonds

hydrogen

structure determines ___________

function

Components of a nucleic acid.

ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

List the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

Which bases are considered purines?

Adenine, Guanine

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA

Uracil

Which bases are considered pryimidines?

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Which base pairing is stronger because it’s formed with a triple bond.

Guanine and Cytosine

Which sugar is this?

Deoxyribose

Which sugar is this?

Ribose

DNA: _________ stranded, contains deoxyribose sugar, bases A, T, C, G

RNA: ________ stranded, contains ribose sugar, bases A, U, C, G

Double, Single

orientation of phosphodiester bonds in a nucleotide.

3’ to 5’

What macromolecule is being described?

Antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A-T, C-G)

DNA

A single chromosome typically contains how many strands of DNA that are wound together to form a double helix?

Two

The basic function of which macromolecule is to store genetic information for direct synthesis of proteins?

Nucleic Acid