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the study of the role chemistry plays in biological processes
biochemistry
structure gives ____________________
function
determines taste and smell, different proteins bind to different receptors on your tastebuds and trigger different reactions
chemical makeup
dark roast coffee tastes stronger than a light roast coffee because has more "" and binds to more "_" receptors than lighter roasts do.
furfur, furfur
pure substance
element
electrons on the outermost energy shell
valence electrons
how many valence electrons does carbon have?
four
how many valence electrons does oxygen have?
six
how many valence electrons does nitrogen have?
five
how many covalent bonds does carbon form?
four
how many covalent bonds does oxygen form?
two
how many covalent bonds does nitrogen form?
three
atoms with at least two electron shells will be most stable with 8 valence electrons
octet rule
the type of bond where electrons are shared
covalent
how greedy atoms are for electrons
electronegativity
unequal sharing of electrons causing positive and negative charges on elements
polar covalent bond
like ________________ like
dissolves
water is a _____________ molecule
polar
carbohydrates are _____________ molecules
polar
lipids are _________________ molecules
nonpolar
thing being dissolved
solute
thing doing the dissolving
solvent
polar solutes are dissolved by ______________ solvent
polar
nonpolar solutes are dissolved by ________________ solvent
nonpolar
R group bonded to OH
hydroxyl
R group bonded to a C with OH and H
carboxyl
carboxyl groups are ________________
acidic
acids are proton ______________
donors
bases are proton ________________
acceptors
R group bonded to NH2
amino
Formula for pH
pH=-log [H+]
Amino groups are ____________
basic
monomer (protein)
amino acid
monomer (carbohydrate)
monosaccharide
monomer (nucleic acid)
nucleotide
monomer (triglyceride)
fatty acids
polymer (protein)
protein
polymer (carbohydrate)
polysaccharide and disaccharide
polymer (nucleic acid)
DNA and RNA
polymer (triglyceride)
phospholipid, triglyceride
______________________ reaction (also called dehydration synthesis): joining monomers by pulling out water.
condensation
condensation reactions are ______________________
endothermic
______________________ reaction: separating monomers by putting water in
hydrolysis
hydrolysis reactions are ____________________________
exothermic
list the parts of an amino acid.
amine group, carboxyl, side chain, r group
the protein structure where a single chain of amino acids are bonded to each other (carboxyl to amine group) with covalent bonds.
primary
the protein structure where carboxyl and amino groups from the opposite sides of a chain interact and form α helices and β pleated sheets.
secondary
the protein structure where r groups forming hydrogen, disulfide, hydrophobic, and ionic bonds causes the amino acid chain to bend and fold.
tertiary
in tertiary structure, polar r groups interact with polar r groups, non polar r groups with nonpolar r groups. What is this an example of?
like interacts with like
the protein structure where multiple proteins in tertiary structure join via hydrogen bonding.
quaternary
primary metabolic fuel
monosaccharide
transport
disaccharide
storage (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
polysaccharide
_________________ fatty acids have more hydrogen
saturated
___________________ fatty acids have less hydrogen
unsaturated
3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
triglyceride
lipid that looks like a carbohydrate
sterol
lipid found in the cell membrane
phospholipid
How do large polar molecules pass through the cell membrane?
facilitated difusion
only ___________ ______________ molecules pass through the cell membrane
small nonpolar
lipids are ____________________ because they are _________________.
hydrophobic, nonpolar
orientation of nucleotides
5' to 3'
Adenine pairs with
thymine
Guanine pairs with
cytosine
base pairs bond to each other via ______________ bonds
hydrogen
Note 
Flashcard (27)