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Vertical Aesthetic

Architectural style characterized by tall, towering structures, emphasizing height and efficiency, often associated with urbanization and skyscrapers.

Mutual Aid Societies

Organizations formed by immigrants to provide support, insurance, and assistance in times of need, fostering community and solidarity.

Tenements

Crowded, poorly built urban apartment buildings that housed multiple families, often in substandard conditions.

Vaudeville

A theatrical variety show featuring diverse performances such as comedy, music, dance, and acrobatics, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Blues

A genre of music originating from African American communities, characterized by soulful melodies and themes of struggle, resilience, and emotion.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized and exaggerated news reporting aimed at attracting readers and influencing public opinion, often at the expense of accuracy.

Muckrakers

Progressive-era journalists who exposed societal issues, corruption, and injustices, sparking public outcry and reforms.

Political Machines

Powerful political organizations that controlled local governments through patronage, bribery, and voter manipulation.

Jane Addams

Social reformer who founded Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago that provided services and education to immigrants and the poor.

Progressivism

A reform movement aimed at addressing social, political, and economic injustices through government intervention and activism.

“How the Other Half Lives”

A photojournalistic book by Jacob Riis documenting the harsh living conditions of the urban poor in tenements, inspiring social reform.

Mann Act (1910)

Federal law that prohibited the transportation of individuals across state lines for immoral purposes, targeting human trafficking.

“The Jungle”

A novel by Upton Sinclair exposing the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to public outrage and regulatory reforms.

Florence Kelley

Social reformer and advocate for labor rights, child welfare, and women's rights, instrumental in improving workplace conditions.

Triangle Shirtwaist Company

Site of a tragic factory fire in 1911 that killed over 140 workers, leading to significant labor safety reforms and workplace regulations.

Waving the Bloody Shirt

A political tactic of appealing to voters by recalling the bloodshed of the Civil War to criticize opponents.

Gilded Age

The period from the 1870s to about 1900, marked by rapid economic growth, political corruption, and stark social inequality.

Pendleton Act (1883)

A law that established a merit-based system for federal employment, eliminating patronage.

Mugwumps

Reform-minded Republicans who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in 1884.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

A federal law that prohibited monopolistic business practices and promoted competition.

People’s Party

Also known as the Populist Party, it advocated for the interests of farmers and laborers in the late 19th century.

Omaha Platform

The 1892 political agenda of the Populist Party, calling for reforms like free silver, direct election of senators, and government control of railroads.

Free Silver

A policy favoring the unlimited coinage of silver to increase the money supply and aid indebted farmers.

Poll Taxes

Fees required to vote, used primarily to disenfranchise African Americans and poor whites in the South.

Solid South

The South's consistent support of the Democratic Party after Reconstruction.

Cross of Gold

A famous speech by William Jennings Bryan advocating for free silver and opposing the gold standard.

Lochner v. New York (1905)

A Supreme Court case that struck down a law limiting work hours, citing freedom of contract.

In re Jacobs (1882)

A case where the New York Court of Appeals overturned a law banning cigar production in tenements, citing property rights.

Square Deal

President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program focused on conservation, controlling corporations, and consumer protection.

Elkins Act (1903)

A law targeting railroad rebates to ensure fair rates for all customers.

Hepburn Act (1906)

Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission's ability to regulate railroads.

John Muir

A naturalist and advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States, founder of the Sierra Club.

Robert La Follette

A Progressive leader and governor of Wisconsin, known for championing the "Wisconsin Idea" of reform.

Recall

A political process allowing voters to remove an elected official from office through a direct vote.

Referendum

A process where citizens vote directly on a proposed law or policy.

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

A Supreme Court case that upheld limits on women’s work hours, citing health concerns.

W. E. B. Du Bois

A civil rights activist and co-founder of the NAACP, known for advocating for the "talented tenth."

Booker T. Washington

An African American leader who advocated for vocational education and economic progress as a path to racial equality.

NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to fight for racial justice.

IWW

The Industrial Workers of the World, a radical labor union advocating for workers' rights through direct action.

Eugene V. Debs

A labor leader and five-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America.

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt’s progressive policy advocating for government intervention to promote social justice and economic welfare.

16th Amendment

Authorized Congress to levy a federal income tax.

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Established the Federal Reserve System, providing central banking to stabilize the economy.

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

Strengthened antitrust laws and protected labor unions and farmers from being considered monopolies.

Lodge Bill

A proposed law to ensure fair voting rights through federal oversight, defeated in Congress.

Williams v. Mississippi

A Supreme Court case that upheld state laws restricting voting rights through poll taxes and literacy tests.

Newlands Reclamation Act

A 1902 law funding irrigation projects for arid lands in the Western United States.

Wisconsin Idea

Progressive reforms championed by Robert La Follette, focusing on government accountability and expertise.

National Child Labor Committee

An organization advocating for the abolition of child labor and better working conditions for children.

Talented Tenth

A concept by W. E. B. Du Bois referring to the leadership role of the top 10% of African Americans in achieving racial equality.

Mary E. Lease

A Populist orator who encouraged farmers to “raise less corn and more hell.”

William Jennings Bryan

A politician and orator known for his "Cross of Gold" speech and support of free silver.

Theodore Roosevelt

The 26th U.S. president, known for his progressive reforms and conservation efforts.

Louis Brandeis

A Supreme Court Justice and advocate for progressive social reforms and labor rights.

American Exceptionalism

The belief that the United States is unique and has a special mission to promote democracy and civilization.

Alfred T. Mahan

A naval strategist who argued for a strong navy and overseas expansion in The Influence of Sea Power upon History.

“Remember the Maine”

A slogan used to rally public support for the Spanish-American War after the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor.

Teller Amendment

A declaration stating that the U.S. would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

George Dewey

A U.S. naval officer who led the victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War.

San Juan Hill

The site of a decisive battle in the Spanish-American War, where Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders gained fame.

Emilio Aguinaldo

A Filipino revolutionary leader who fought against Spanish and later American rule in the Philippines.

Platt Amendment

A U.S. policy limiting Cuba’s sovereignty and allowing American intervention in Cuban affairs.

Open Door Policy

A U.S. diplomatic policy advocating equal trade access in China while preserving Chinese sovereignty.

Root-Takahira Agreement

A 1908 agreement between the U.S. and Japan that affirmed territorial status quo and free trade in the Pacific.

Roosevelt Corollary

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting that the U.S. had the right to intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.

Pancho Villa

A Mexican revolutionary who led raids into the U.S., prompting a military expedition led by General Pershing.

Sussex Pledge

A promise by Germany during World War I to restrict submarine warfare and warn neutral ships before attacking.

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret communication from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance against the U.S., contributing to U.S. entry into WWI.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

The U.S. military force that fought in Europe during World War I under General John J. Pershing.

War Industries Board

A government agency that coordinated industrial production for the war effort during World War I.

NWLB (National War Labor Board)

A U.S. government body that mediated labor disputes to prevent strikes during World War I.

Committee on Public Information

A government agency that used propaganda to promote public support for World War I.

Sedition Act of 1918

A law that criminalized speech and actions that criticized the government or the war effort.

Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

A Supreme Court case that upheld limits on free speech during wartime, introducing the "clear and present danger" test.

The Great Migration

The mass movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities for jobs and better living conditions.

Alice Paul

A women’s rights activist who led the campaign for the 19th Amendment and advocated for an Equal Rights Amendment.

Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson’s plan for postwar peace, including self-determination and the League of Nations.

Article X to the League of Nations

A provision in the League of Nations covenant that committed member nations to collective security, opposed by U.S. isolationists.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing harsh penalties on Germany and creating the League of Nations.

Insular Cases

A series of Supreme Court rulings determining that full constitutional rights do not automatically extend to U.S. territories.

Panama Canal

A strategic waterway built by the U.S. to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, facilitating global trade and military movement.

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

A violent racial conflict in Chicago sparked by tensions over housing, jobs, and segregation, part of the Red Summer of 1919.

Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923)

A Supreme Court case that struck down minimum wage laws for women, ruling they were no longer needed after the 19th Amendment.

Welfare Capitalism

A system where businesses provided workers with benefits like pensions and health care to discourage unionization.

Red Scare

A period of intense fear of communism and radical political movements in the U.S. following World War I.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian anarchists convicted and executed for murder amid widespread belief their trial was influenced by anti-immigrant sentiment.

Palmer Raids

A series of government crackdowns on suspected radicals and anarchists during the Red Scare, led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.

FBI

The Federal Bureau of Investigation, created to combat crime and investigate radical groups.

Sheppard-Towner Act

A 1921 law providing federal funds for maternal and infant health programs, aimed at reducing child mortality.

Teapot Dome

A major political scandal involving the secret leasing of government oil reserves to private companies in exchange for bribes.

Dollar Diplomacy

A U.S. foreign policy encouraging economic investment in Latin America to extend American influence.

18th Amendment

The constitutional amendment that established Prohibition, banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol.

Scopes Trial

A 1925 trial in which a Tennessee teacher, John Scopes, was prosecuted for teaching evolution, highlighting the conflict between science and religion.

National Origins Act (1924)

A law that restricted immigration by establishing quotas based on national origins, favoring Northern and Western Europeans.

1920s KKK

A resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, which expanded its targets beyond African Americans to include immigrants, Catholics, and Jews.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural movement celebrating African American art, literature, and music, centered in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s.

Marcus Garvey

A Black nationalist leader who promoted Pan-Africanism and the "Back to Africa" movement, founding the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).

Lost Generation

A term for writers disillusioned by World War I, including Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, who criticized materialism and traditional values.

United Fruit Company

A powerful American corporation that controlled large agricultural enterprises in Latin America, influencing regional politics.