Body Systems and Energy for Physical Activity, Resistance Training

Flashcards covering key vocabulary from the lecture notes on Body Systems and Energy for Physical Activity, Resistance Training, and related topics.

Skeletal System

A rigid framework for structure and support, protection of internal organs, helps produce movement, stores and releases minerals, and produces blood cells.

Axial Skeleton

Includes the skull, sternum, ribcage, and vertebral column.

Appendicular System

Includes the arms (ulna, radius, humerus), shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, legs (femur, tibia, fibula), hands (phalanges, metacarpals, carpals), and feet (phalanges, metatarsals, tarsals).

Fibrous Joints

Immovable joints, examples are near the pelvis.

Cartilaginous Joints

Partially movable joints, examples are near the rib cage.

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints, examples occur throughout the body.

Gliding Joint

Facilitate a slight sliding movement; examples are the bones of the wrist and the bones between the vertebrae.

Hinge Joint

Facilitate the movement of flexion and extension; examples are the joints in the elbows, knees and fingers.

Pivot Joint

Facilitate the movement of rotation; examples are the atlas and axis joints in the neck and the radius and ulna in the forearm.

Condyloid Joint

Facilitate the movements of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction; an example is the joint of the wrist.

Saddle Joint

Facilitate the movements of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction; an example is the joint where the thumb joins the hand.

Ball and Socket Joint

Facilitate the movements of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation and circumduction; examples are the joints in the hips and shoulders.

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone.

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone.

Cartilage

Allows for smooth movement, at end of bones.

Directional Term: Posterior

Towards the back.

Directional Term: Anterior

Towards the front.

Directional Term: Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

Directional Term: Medial

Towards the midline of the body.

Directional Term: Distal

Away from the body’s mass/point of attachment.

Directional Term: Proximal

Towards the body’s mass/point of attachment.

Directional Term: Superior

Towards the head.

Directional Term: Inferior

Away from the head.

Long Bone

Longer than they are wide; hence supporting the weight of the body and assisting people to generate power.

Short Bone

Also longer than they are wide, consequently providing support and stability.

Flat Bone

Usually thin and sometimes have a curved shape to protect internal organs.

Irregular Bone

Vary in shape, consequently attaching to tendons and protecting organs.

Sesamoid Bone

Small which can lead to minimal friction, have to cope with stress and increase the strength of muscles.

Muscular System

Facilitates conscious and unconscious movements and is important for balance, posture, absorption, breathing, digestion, and protection of organs.

Voluntary Muscle

Muscles we can consciously control to contract.

Involuntary Muscle

Muscles that contract outside of conscious control.

Fast Twitch Fibres

Contract very quickly and are therefore useful for sports requiring sudden rapid/explosive movements.

Slow Twitch Fibres

Contract more slowly, but for a longer period and are therefore useful for sports requiring endurance.

Smooth Muscles

Involuntary muscles found in the walls of hollow organs like intestines and stomach.

Cardiac Muscles

Involuntary muscles, cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart.

Skeletal Muscles

Under voluntary control, cover the skeleton giving the body its shape.

Joint Action: Flexion

Bending or decreasing the angle at a joint.

Joint Action: Extension

Straightening or increasing the angle at a joint.

Joint Action: Abduction

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body.

Joint Action: Adduction

Moving a body part towards the midline or centre of the body.

Joint Action: Circumduction

Moving a joint in a circular motion, and can occur at joints that flex, extend, abduct and adduct.

Joint Action: Rotation

Turning or twisting a bone along its axis.

Joint Action: Dorsi-Flexion

Movies the toes towards the shin bone.

Joint Action: Plantar-Flexion

Moving the toes away from the shin bone.

Agonist

The muscle that is causing movement.

Antagonist

The muscle that relaxes so that movement can occur.

Isometric Contraction

The muscle develops tension but there is no change in the length of the muscle.

Isotonic Contraction

The muscle develops tension and there is a change in the length of the muscle.

Concentric Contraction

Occurs when the muscle shortens (agonist - shortening).

Eccentric Contraction

Occurs when the muscle lengthens (antagonist - lengthening).

Isokinetic Contraction

The muscle develops tension and there is a change in the length of the muscle. The tension remains constant through the full range of movement.

Circulatory System

Also known as the cardiovascular system and is made up of the heart, blood vessels and blood, and provides an internal transport and distribution network.

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart to muscles.

Veins

Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart from muscles.

Respiratory System

Consists of cavities that allow air to travel to our lungs, supplies oxygen to the body, and is responsible for expelling/getting rid of carbon dioxide.

Inspiration

When air is drawn in through your mouth and nose. The diaphragm contracts and is pushed down to allow oxygen to come in.

Expiration

When we breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes and the chest cavity returns to its resting size. The air pressure inside the lungs rises and so the air is forced out.

Digestive System

Made up of the gastrointestinal tract and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. Breaks nutrients into parts small enough for your body to absorb and use for energy, growth, and cell repair.

Endocrine System

Has various glands that release different hormones (the body’s communication system).

Nervous System

Coordinates all of the activities of the body, enabling the body to respond and adapt to changes both inside and out.

Somatic Nervous System

Responsible for carrying motor and sensory information and is responsible for nearly all voluntary movements and processes sensory information from external stimuli.

Autonomic Nervous System

Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Vital to our survival - ‘fight or flight’.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The counterbalance to the sympathetic response to danger (brings all systems of the body back to normal).

Glucose

Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and is the body’s primary energy source.

Glycogen

Glucose can be converted to glycogen and can be stored in the liver and muscle tissue.

Anaerobic

Energy created without the presence of oxygen.

Aerobic

Energy created in the presence of oxygen.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A compound that exists in our muscles and is used to generate the energy that we require to live, function and move and is the only form in which our body can use energy.

ATP-PCr System

Movements lasting 5-15 seconds, strength - power movements, done with stored ATP alone. PCR helps produce more ATP. Produces energy quickly, but not over a long duration.

Glycolytic System

Relies on the breakdown of carbohydrates, glucose, glycogen = glycolysis, movements at max effort for 1-2 minutes. Produces energy quickly, but not over a long duration.

Oxidative System

The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain produces ATP, slow production of ATP but can produce for a long duration of time. Can use carbs, fats and proteins but it has to be broken down so the process is longer. Used for endurance activities for longer periods of time.

Isotonic

Helps to quickly replace key electrolytes and fluid lost through sweat when we exercise. It has a similar concentration to fluids in the body (such as blood).

Hypertonic

Used for sustained energy during recovery, and to supplement carbohydrate intake. It has a higher concentration (salt and sugar) than the body’s fluids.

Hypotonic

Ideal for quick hydration as it is rapidly absorbed by the body. It has a lower concentration than the body’s fluids.

Resistance Training

Also referred to as strength or weight training, based on the principle that muscles of the body will work to overcome a resistance force when required to do so.

Risk Assessment

Refers to the process of identifying in advance potential risks arising from an event to be held, activities or duties to be undertaken.

Repetition

How many times you do the exercise before rest.

Set

A completed amount of repetitions, then break.

Repetition Maximum (RM)

How much weight can you do (max), one time.