FNP AANC Theory flashcards

What is Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)?

The integration of the best research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences to improve patient outcomes.

What are the 5 steps of Evidence-Based Practice?

Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, Assess.

What does PICOT stand for?

Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time.

What is the purpose of a PICOT question?

To create a focused clinical question for research.

What is a Sentinel Event?

An unexpected event causing death or serious physical or psychological injury.

What is Root Cause Analysis (RCA)?

A systematic process used after a sentinel event to identify the underlying cause and prevent recurrence.

What is a Near Miss?

An event that could have harmed a patient but did not because it was caught in time.

What is Quality Improvement (QI)?

A continuous process of improving healthcare systems and patient outcomes.

What is Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)?

Ongoing efforts to improve healthcare processes using data.

What does Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) mean?

A quality improvement cycle: Plan a change, Do it, Study the results, Act on findings.

What is Risk Management?

Identifying and reducing risks to improve patient safety.

What is the purpose of Incident Reporting?

To document unusual events and improve patient safety, not to punish staff.

What is Patient-Centered Care?

Care that respects the patient's values, preferences, and needs.

What is Shared Decision-Making?

Provider and patient work together to make healthcare decisions.

What is Cultural Competence?

The ability to provide effective care while respecting cultural beliefs and values.

What is Cultural Awareness?

Recognizing differences between cultures.

What is Cultural Sensitivity?

Respecting cultural differences without judgment.

What is Health Literacy?

A patient's ability to understand health information and make decisions.

How should providers communicate with patients with low health literacy?

Use simple language, avoid medical jargon, and use the teach-back method.

What is the Teach-Back Method?

Asking patients to repeat information to confirm understanding.

What is Primary Prevention?

Prevent disease before it occurs (vaccines, smoking cessation).

What is Secondary Prevention?

Detect disease early (screening tests).

What is Tertiary Prevention?

Reduce complications of established disease (rehabilitation).

What is Quaternary Prevention?

Avoid unnecessary medical interventions.

What is Sensitivity?

A test's ability to correctly identify patients with disease (few false negatives).

What is Specificity?

A test's ability to correctly identify patients without disease (few false positives).

High sensitivity means what?

A negative result rules OUT disease (SNOUT).

High specificity means what?

A positive result rules IN disease (SPIN).

What is Positive Predictive Value (PPV)?

The probability that a positive test truly indicates disease.

What is Negative Predictive Value (NPV)?

The probability that a negative test truly excludes disease.

What is Reliability?

The consistency of a measurement.

What is Validity?

Whether a test measures what it is intended to measure.

What is Internal Validity?

The accuracy of a study's results.

What is External Validity?

How well study results apply to other populations.

What is a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)?

The strongest study design for evaluating interventions.

What level of evidence is a Systematic Review or Meta-analysis?

Highest level of evidence.

What is a Cohort Study?

Observes groups over time to determine outcomes.

What is a Case-Control Study?

Compares patients with a disease to those without to identify past exposures.

What is a Cross-Sectional Study?

Examines a population at one point in time.

What is a Qualitative Study?

Studies experiences, beliefs, and perceptions.

What is a Quantitative Study?

Uses numerical data and statistics.

What is the Independent Variable?

The variable that is manipulated.

What is the Dependent Variable?

The outcome being measured.

What is the Null Hypothesis?

Assumes there is no relationship between variables.

What is a p-value less than 0.05?

The results are statistically significant.

What is Informed Consent?

The patient's voluntary agreement after understanding risks, benefits, and alternatives.

What are the components of informed consent?

Competence, disclosure, understanding, voluntariness, consent.

What is Autonomy?

The patient's right to make their own healthcare decisions.

What is Beneficence?

Doing good for the patient.

What is Nonmaleficence?

Do no harm.

What is Justice?

Treating patients fairly and equally.

What is Fidelity?

Keeping promises to patients.

What is Veracity?

Telling the truth.

What is Confidentiality?

Protecting patient information.

What is Accountability?

Being responsible for one's professional actions.

What is Advocacy?

Protecting the patient's rights and interests.

What is Malpractice?

Professional negligence causing patient harm.

What are the four elements of malpractice?

Duty, breach of duty, causation, damages.

What is Negligence?

Failure to provide reasonable care.

What is Assault?

Threatening to touch a patient without consent.

What is Battery?

Touching a patient without consent.

What is HIPAA?

A law protecting patient health information.

What is a Living Will?

A document stating desired medical treatments.

What is Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare?

A person chosen to make healthcare decisions if the patient cannot.

What is an Advance Directive?

A legal document describing future healthcare wishes.

What is Medicare Part A?

Hospital insurance.

What is Medicare Part B?

Medical insurance.

What is Medicare Part C?

Medicare Advantage.

What is Medicare Part D?

Prescription drug coverage.

What is Medicaid?

A healthcare program for eligible low-income individuals.

What is the Triple Aim?

Better patient experience, improved population health, lower healthcare costs.

What is the Quadruple Aim?

Triple Aim plus improved provider well-being.

What is SBAR?

Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation.

What is Delegation?

Assigning tasks while retaining accountability.

Can an RN delegate nursing judgment?

No.

What is Leadership?

The ability to influence others toward a goal.

What is a Democratic Leader?

Involves team members in decision-making.

What is an Autocratic Leader?

Makes decisions independently.

What is a Laissez-Faire Leader?

Provides minimal supervision.

What is a Transformational Leader?

Inspires and motivates change.

What is a Transactional Leader?

Uses rewards and discipline.

What is Conflict Resolution?

The process of resolving disagreements effectively.

What is the best first step in resolving conflict?

Address the issue directly with the involved person.

What is Healthy People 2030?

National objectives to improve health and reduce disparities.

Who is considered a vulnerable population?

Children, pregnant women, older adults, disabled individuals, and underserved populations.

What is the role of the Family Nurse Practitioner?

Provide primary care across the lifespan emphasizing prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and health promotion.

What is Health Promotion?

Helping patients improve overall health and prevent disease.

What is Disease Prevention?

Actions taken to reduce the occurrence or progression of disease.

What is Care Coordination?

Organizing healthcare among providers to improve patient outcomes.

What is Interprofessional Collaboration?

Healthcare professionals working together to improve patient care.

What is Evidence Hierarchy?

A ranking of research studies from strongest to weakest evidence.

What is a Clinical Practice Guideline?

Recommendations based on the best available evidence to guide clinical care.

What is a Clinical Decision Rule?

A tool that helps providers make evidence-based decisions.

What is Cost-Effectiveness?

A healthcare intervention that provides the greatest benefit for the cost.