Potts-Santone Bio 2 FINAL EXAM

Describe the main characteristic of invertebrates

They do not have a backbone or spinal column

Define sponges

- Phylum Porifera

- Organisms with lots of holes to allow for water flow

- Sessile filter feeders: anchored or stationed

Define Archeocytes

Cells that are part of sponges that pick up nutrients and transport them to other parts

Define gemmules

Capsules in the sponge that are surrounded by spicules that will eventually grow into new sponges

Define Asconoid sponges

Depends on the simple flow of water

Define Syconoid sponges

Water comes in and goes to the incurrent canal which has choanocytes for higher surface area

Define Leuconoid sponges

Much more complex with different chambers for even more surface area. The more surface area, the slower the flow of water so the sponge can feed for longer and grow bigger.

Formula for velocity

V= 1/Surface area

Define Cnidaria

Tubular animals that reside in shadow marine waters

Describe the characteristics of cnidaria

- Jellyfish, corals

- Diploblastic = has 2 germ layers

- Simple nervous and muscular tissue

Define the two body forms in cnidarians

Medusa- mouth hangs down surrounded by tentacles

Polyp- mouth oriented upwards surrounded by tenticales

What gives jellyfish their stinging properties?

Cnidocytes

Define characteristics of Scyohozoa (Cnidaria)

- As an adult, they are in the medusa phase. As a child, they are in the polyp phase

Define characteristics of Cubozoa (Cnidaria)

- Deadly

- Only in the medusa phase

- Eye spots are different so they can see their prey in order to hunt

Define characteristics of Hydrozoa (Cnidaria)

- Colony of polyps that share a gut

- Gonozooids produce tiny medusa to carry out sexual reproduction

Define characteristics of Anthozoa (Cnidaria)

- Flowering animals

- Polyps only

Define characteristics of Corals (Cnidaria)

- Need zooxanthellae to lay down calcium carbonate to give the coral oxygen

- Bleaching causes the zooxanthellae to leave the coral so the polyp will die

Define characteristics of flatworms (platyhelminthes)

- Cephalization

- Bilateral symmetry

- Ladder type nervous system

Define characteristics of planarians (platyhelminthes)

- Triploblastic

- Acoelomates

- Longitudinal nerve cord

- Flame cells (kidney evolution)

- Totipotent cells (can develop into any cell)

Describe the lifecycle of Schistosomiasis

1. Cercariae can move into the human skin and up in blood vessels around gut and bladder

a. Can come in multiple sexes, male and female stick together and suck nutrients from the blood vessel walls

2. Reproducing all of the time, putting out huge number of eggs (embryos)

3. Embryos want to escape the body so they want to be released in feces and urine

4. Embryos in the water find a secondary host- the snail

a. Asexual reproduction occurs

Describe the lifecycle of Clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke)

1. Humans eat infected fish

2. Flukes move from gut into the liver and migrate into the bile ducts

a. Hermaphrodites

3. Reproducing all of the time, putting out huge number of eggs (embryos)

4. Embryos want to escape the body so they want to be released in feces and urine

5. Finds the snail to asexually reproduce

6. Go through different stages and eventually leaves the snail and gets ingested by a fish

Describe characteristics of tapeworms (cestodes)

- Relies on host for digestion

- Can self fertilize

Describe characteristics of Rotifera

- Crown of cilia resembles a rotating wheel

- Have a mouth and an anus

Define parthenogenesis

Development of eggs without fertilization (asexual reproduction)

Describe characteristics of all Annelida

- Contains segmentation

- Triploblastic

- Blood travels in vessels

Describe a characteristic of Errantia (Annelida)

Long chaetae on footlike parapodia

Describe a characteristic of Sedebtaria (Annelida)

Chaetae close to body wall to facilitate burrows

Describe a characteristic of Polychaetes (Annelida)

Very successful body form because segmentation allows for regional specialization

- All polychaetes go through a trochophore larva that gradually grows segments to give rise to the adult stages

Describe a characteristic of Pogonophora (Annelida)

Gut tissue forms an organ that fills with chemosynthetic bacteria, red because of high hemoglobin amounts

Describe characteristics of Oligochaetes (Annelida)

- Few chaetae

- Circularly arranged muscles to move

- Closed circulation

- Cross fertilization to swap sperm with another worm

Describe characteristics of Hirudinea (leeches) (Annelida)

Contains powerful anticoagulant to keep blood flowing and anesthetic so no bite is felt

What is the three body plan in molluscs?

Visceral mass, mantle, head-foot

How do molluscs engage in gas exchange and respiration?

They use countercurrent exchange to maximize oxygen consumption

Describe characteristics of bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops)

- Shell of two hinged parts

- Closed by powerful muscles

Describe characteristics of gastropods (snails, slugs)

- Elongated flattened foot

- Well developed head region

Define pretorsion

Anus on opposite side of head

Define post-torsion

Anus closer to head

Define characteristics of cephalopods (cuttlefish, squid, octopus)

- Fast moving marine predators due to body structure

- Three hearts (one main 2 gil)

- Internal fertilization

Name 2 kinds of nematodes and their characteristics

1. Roundworms- non-segmented parasitic worms that molt their cuticle

2. Hookworm- parasitic worm that affects 1/2 billion people world wide

Define characteristics of arthropods

- Freely moveable jointed appendages with a rigid jointed exoskeleton

- Open circulatory system

- Separate sexes

Define body parts of crustaceans (shrimp, lobsters, crayfish)

- Swimmerets (swimming and locomotion)

- Uropod- tail flip to move quickly

- 1st pair of legs chelipeds

- 2nd-5th pair of legs and for walking, swimming, and reproduction

Define body parts of chelicerates (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)

- 1st pair of appendages are fangs for feeding

- 2nd pair is for feeding or senses

Define the main characteristic of urinamians

No branching in appendages

Define metamorphisis

Changing body form as organism develops

Define characteristics for deuterostomes

- Radial cleavage

- Indeterminate cells

- Anus develops first

- Eucoelomate

Define echinodermata

Spiny skin marine animals with bilateral symmetry at larvae and transitions to radial symmetry during adult life

Define characteristics for chordata

- Organisms with a notocord

- Has a thyroid gland that secretes iodine

Define paedomorphosis

The retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors

What characteristics do all vertebrates have?

- Backbone

- Vertebral column

- Cranium

- Endoskeleton

Define characteristics of hagfishes (cyclostomata)

- Lack eyes, jaws, fins, vertebrae

- Have a cartilaginous skull and notocord

Define characteristics of lampreys (cyclostomata)

- Have a notocord and rudimentary vertebral column

- Have sucker-like oral disks

- As juveniles, they are ammocoelates

Define characteristics of gnathostomes (cyclostomata)

Jawed vertebrates that allow for efficient prey capture

Define characteristics of sharks (cyclostomata)

- Fusiform (expands in the middle, tapers at the end like a football)

- Heterocercal tail (one side is longer than the other)

- Ampullary organs of Lorenzini (senses electrical fields to hunt prey)

Define oviparous

Lay eggs

Define ovoviviparous

Hatching of eggs inside and live birth

Define viviparous

Live birth of offspring

Define characteristics for actinopterygii (Osteichthyes)

Ray finned fishes

- fins supported by thin, bony, flexible rays

Define characteristics for sarcopterygii (osteichthyes)

Lobe finned fishes

- Fins supported by skeletal extensions of the pectoral and pelvic areas

Define hypoosmotic regulators

Water is constantly leaving the fish into the water to regulate osmosis

- Solution- drink salt water, get rid of salt and keep the water

Define hyperosmotic regulators

Water goes into the fish constantly and losing salt by diffusion to regulate osmosis

- Solution- pumps excess water out and gils take in as much salt as possible

Describe the circulatory system of fish

Fish- single loop circulation (1 atrium receiving blood, 1 ventricle pumping blood)

Describe the circulatory system of amphibians

Systemic circuit- 3 chambered heart that promotes mixing of blood

Describe the circulatory system of reptiles, birds and mammals

Maintaining body temperature- 4 separate chambers that separate oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood

Describe characteristics of amphibians

- Aquatic for reproduction, terrestrial for adult life

- Ectothermic

- Lungs operate of positive pressure (buccal pumping)

Define amniotes

Tetrapods with an egg

- Critical innovation as it broke dependence on marine environments for reproduction as the inside of the egg had a water source

- Metamorphosis happens inside the egg so they can be lung breathing

Define characteristics of reptiles

- Impermeable to water, shed periodically

- Top and bottom jaws are hinged on the skull rather than each other so it allows for a bigger bite

- Jacobson's organ (sensory organ that helps animals detect and interpret chemical signals in their environment)

Define characteristics of birds (aves)

Feathers- modified scales to keep birds warm and enable flight

Air sacs- efficient breathing (9 in total)

Reduction of organs- no bladder to preserve mass (produces uric acid rather than urine)

Lightweight skeleton- filled with air pockets

Wings- different types of wings are specified for the birds' means of living and weight

Young- precocial young (has survival capabilities to follow around mother for help), altricial young (naked and helpless)

Define mammals

Milk producing amniotes with body covered in hair

Define different horns on mammals

True horns- hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis around core of skull bone

Antlers- branched and composed of solid bone

Rhinoceros horn- keratinized filaments from dermis matted together

Define integumentary glands

Sweat glands that regulate body temperature

- Eccrine (watery, hairless)

- Apocrine (milky fluid, usually onset by puberty or sex hormones)

- Mammary glands (females produce milk for young)

Describe mammalian teeth

Diphyodont- two sets of teeth (20 primary) (32 adult)

Heterodont- different sizes and shapes of teeth

Thecodont- teeth are embedded in sockets ex. humans

Describe different amniotic categories

Prototheria- egg laying mammals without a pregnancy

Metatheria (marsupials)- pouched mammals and embryonic diapause (caring for multiple babies in different stages of development)

Eutheria (placental mammals)- Embryo in uterus supplied with nutrients from placenta