Studied by 0 people
Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.
Scramble for Africa
A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual
Autocracy
an area in southwestern Asia whose sovereignty is disputed between Pakistan and India
Kashmir
a region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war
Sudetenland
the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census
Reapportionment
antecedent boundary
a boundary line established before the area in question is well populated
districts in which incumbents are highly likely to be re-elected because the district has a large majority of voters from their party
safe district
A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
Holocaust
autononomous
self-governing
70
an area in southwestern Asia whose sovereignty is disputed between Pakistan and India
Kashmir
the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states; OR the breaking up of a state into smaller states
Devolution
France, China, United Kingdom, Kenya, Rwanda
examples of unitary states
A state governed as a unit, with the central government having full control over the sub-units (provinces, states, etc...)
Unitary State
the waters near states' shores generally treated as part of national territory (12 mile limit)
territorial waters
stateless nation
when an ethnicity has a history of self-determination but does not have a recognized state
a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.
nation-state
Peninsula in the extreme southern Ukraine in the Black Sea. Russia annexed the peninsula, claiming that it was made up of Russians and should be part of Russia
Crimea
An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.
Census Tract
200 miles and out. All resources are shared and no country has jurisdiction. (resource use can still be regulated by treaty)
high seas / open ocean
difference between "nation" and "state"
a nation is GROUP OF PEOPLE with similar culture and history, while a state is a GEOGRAPHIC AREA controlled by a specific government
what boundaries define and enforce
territoriality
an area of authority or control
jurisdiction
a strategic, narrow waterway between two larger bodies of water
choke point
the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.
terrorism
group of minority muslims in Myanmar that are being persecuted and are being pushed out to Bangladesh and other refugee areas
Rohingya
The smallest unit of election administration; a voting district
precinct
area in which ocean resources belong exclusively to the geographically bordering state (generally within 200 miles of the coast)
Exclusive Economic Zone
To increase; to strengthen or deepen.
intensify
decentralized government structure; power shared between a national assembly and local assemblies in the local capital cities
characteristics of a federal state
the word comes from a combination of a name of a Massachusetts governor and the salamander-like shape of the district he drew
Origin of Gerrymandering
examples of multistate nations
Koreans (there are Koreans in North and South Korea), Arabs (throughout North Africa and Middle East), Germans (in Germany, parts of Switzerland, northern Italy, Belgium, Poland), Kurds (they are also a stateless nation)
A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types.
Anocracy
A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual
Autocracy
To show the limits of political power
Purpose of boundaries
The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994.
Rwandan Genocide
to give a definite or official form to something
formalize
USA, Germany, Brazil, Nigeria
examples of federal states
examples of semi-autonomous regions
Native American reservations, Hong Kong, Puerto Rico
concentrating partisan voters in a single district in order to maximize the number of representatives that can be elected by the opposition in other districts
packing
a geographic area where no state has direct power over the area. (there are few frontiers left today)
frontier
dividing an opponent's voters into other districts to weaken the opponent's voter base
cracking
35
An economy that relies on the export of primary commodities for a large share of its export earnings and hence economic growth. Imperialist countries extracted wealth from the natural resources of their colonies, leading to commodity dependence even after they became independent
commodity dependence
process that are going on right now, such as devolution, independence movements, and immigration
contemporary political processes
superimposed boundary
a boundary line placed by an outside power, that is placed over and ignoring an existing cultural patterns
division of groups by physical geography; ethnic separatism; terrorism; economic/social problems/ irredentism
examples of devolutionary factors
195
A city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside
city-state
the most recent state to have achieved sovereignty (2011)
South Sudan
superimposed boundaries, consequent boundaries, subsequent boundaries, antecedent boundaries, relic boundaries
ways we classify boundaries by origin
two areas in the country of Georgia that want to separate because they are composed of ethnic Russians
South Ossetia and Abkhazia
A large peninsula in southern Europe bounded by the Black, Aegean, and Adriatic seas. It is a politically tense part of the world. For example, an assassination of an Austrian prince in Bosnia by a Serbian started World War 1.
Balkan Peninsula
what boundaries allow the government to regulate and control within a jurisdiction
people, businesses and resources
a boundary formed by a geographic feature such as a river, mountain range, or desert
physical boundary
subsequent boundary
a boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that considers the cultural characteristics of the bounded area
definitional (positional), locational (territorial), operational (functional), allocational (resource)
types of boundary disputes
4 characteristics of a state (country)
Population (a state has people) 2. Territory (a state has spatial extant and defined boundaries) 3. Sovereignty (a state is independent and self-governing) 4. Government (a state has an established system of governmen
nations of the former Soviet Union
Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, etc...
a distinct territorial subdivision for holding an election for seats in a legislative body
voting district
relic boundary
a former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape features
Disagreement over policies to be applied along a boundary, such as immigration or land use
Operational/functional boundary dispute
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a code of maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical mile wide exclusive economic zones. (established 1956)
UNCLOS
Conflict over the interpretation of a boundary agreement
Definitional/Positional Boundary Dispute
the official count of a population. the US conducts a full census every 10 years for the purpose of determining House districts
Census
nautical areas where all states have freedoms of navigation and overflight. In general, that means that ships of any country can transit in that area or airspace (generally begin 12 miles from the coast)
international waters
processes that happened in the past, such as colonialism and imperialism
historical political processes
India was separated into 2 countries Pakistan for Muslims and India for Hindus (1947)
"the Partition"
A region where no military forces or weapons are permitted.
demilitarized zone
Lesser Developed Countries-- Countries that are seeking improved conditions for their residents through economic growth
LDCs
the action of changing from colonial to independent status. Decolonization happened on a world-wide scale after World War 2 (1945-1970)
decolonization
a boundary based on divisions of ethnicity, religion, or language
cultural boundary
a line drawn on a map to show the limits of a space
delimited boundary
examples of multinational states
Soviet Union, United Kingdom, Canada, Belgium, Afghanistan, China
the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.
ethnic cleansing
an island in southeastern Asia 100 miles off the coast of mainland China in the South China Sea; China claims Taiwan as part of its territory but Taiwan claims it is the true government of China
Taiwan
strong centralized government structure; power concentrated with a national assembly in a capital city
characteristic of unitary state
A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.
landlocked state
an intermediary zone between the territorial waters and the high seas. It extends from 12-24 miles out from the coast. States have the right to enforce violations of customs, immigration or sanitary laws in that zone
contiguous zone
The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state.
Irredentism
a state where the power is held by the local or sub-national governments, in loose association with a weak central government
Confederation
A state governed as a unit, with the central government having full control over the sub-units (provinces, states, etc...)
Unitary State
More developed countries- countries such as the United States, Germany, and Australia who have the highest levels of economic development
MDCs
Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines. (may also be superimposed and/or antecedent)
geometric boundary
examples of stateless nations
Kurds, Romani, Palestinians, Uyghurs, Tibetans, Tamils, Plemish, Hmong, Basques
a large group of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular territory.
nation
a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
Democracy
dispute over natural resource that occurs on or at the boundary
Allocational/resource boundary dispute
the current officeholder
incumbent
The decrease in interaction between 2 things/people as distance increases-- this can cause an isolated group to want to separate because of feeling more disconnected from the state
Distance Decay Effect
The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.
Redistricting
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
Gerrymandering
Techniques used to redraw electoral boundaries to favor one political party over another
Cracking and Packing
Canadian territory that was given to the Inuit, in which they could live with autonomy, or the right to govern themselves.
Nunavut
consequent boundary
a type of subsequent boundary that is intentionally drawn to accommodate cultural differences, such as ethnicity, religion or language
when an ethnic group desires to separate from the larger group within the state (ex: Quebec)
ethnic separatism
An internal organization of a state that allocates strong power to units of local government
Federal state
Drawing district boundaries to give a minority group (such as African America, Hispanic, etc) a majority in that district
majority-minority districts
a court established to settle disputes between members of the United Nations (established in 1946 and located in the Hague, Netherlands)
International Court of Justice
A time period lasting from 1850-1914, where colonial powers (Great Britain, France, United States) were able to seize control over many territories, mainly in Africa and Asia.
Age of Imperialism
