Honors World History Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

Flashcards for review based on lecture notes, covering topics from the Enlightenment to the Holocaust.

Enlightenment

An intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century.

Social Contract

An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits.

Natural Rights

Rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of status.

Philosophes

Intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment.

Salons

Gatherings in which intellectual and political ideas were exchanged during the Enlightenment.

Laissez-faire economics

An economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention.

French Revolution

A period of social and political upheaval in late 1700's France.

Old Regime

The political and social system in France before the Revolution.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

National Assembly

A revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates-General.

Reign of Terror

A period of the French Revolution characterized by extreme violence.

Guillotine

A machine with a heavy blade sliding vertically in grooves, used for beheading people.

Continental System

Napoleon's strategy to weaken Britain by banning trade with continental Europe.

Congress of Vienna

A conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Metternich, held in Vienna to settle issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars.

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.

Domestic System

A system of manufacturing based in people's homes rather than in a factory.

Factory System

A method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor.

Mass Production

The manufacturing of large quantities of standardized products.

Proletariat

Workers or working-class people, regarded collectively.

Urbanization

The process of making an area more urban.

Capitalism

An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

Socialism

A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Communism

A political theory advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned.

Utilitarianism

The doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Social Darwinism

The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

Colony

A country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

Protectorate

A state or territory partly controlled by (but not a formal colony of) a stronger state.

Sphere of Influence

A country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.

Berlin Conference

A meeting in 1884–85 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules of colonization of Africa.

Apartheid

A policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race.

East India Company

A British company which traded in India, eventually controlling large areas of the subcontinent.

Sepoy Rebellion

An 1857 uprising of Indian soldiers against the British East India Company, triggered by insensitive treatment and perceived threats to religious beliefs.

Civil Disobedience

The refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.

Opium War

Wars in the mid-19th century involving Anglo-Chinese disputes over British trade in China and China's sovereignty.

Unequal Treaties

A series of treaties signed with Western powers during the 19th and early 20th centuries by Qing dynasty China and Tokugawa Japan after suffering military defeat by the foreign powers.

Extraterritoriality

The state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations.

Taiping Rebellion

Massive rebellion or civil war in China that lasted from 1850 to 1864, fought between the established Manchu Qing dynasty and the millenarian movement of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901.

Meiji Era

The period of Japanese history from 1868 to 1912, during which Japan modernized and industrialized rapidly.

Nationalism

Identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

Conservatism

A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion.

Liberalism

A political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality.

Militarism

The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

Crimean War

A military conflict fought from 1853 to 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia.

World War I

A global war originating in Europe that lasted from 1914 to 1918.

Central Powers

The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during World War I.

Allied Powers

The alliance of Great Britain, France, Russia (later replaced by the United States), Italy, and other nations during World War I.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's plan for achieving a swift victory over France and then turning to fight Russia in World War I.

Trench Warfare

A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.

Propaganda

Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Total War

A war in which a nation's entire resources are mobilized for the war effort.

Armistice

An agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.

Reparations

The compensation paid by a defeated country to pay for damage or injury during a war.

Mandates

An official order or commission to do something.

Russian Revolution

A pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union.

Russification

A form of cultural assimilation process during which non-Russian communities give up their culture and language in favor of Russian culture.

Pogroms

An organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.

Bolsheviks

A member of the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which was renamed the Communist Party after seizing power in the October Revolution of 1917.

Totalitarianism

A system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.

Collectivization

The organization of all land and businesses under the control of the government.

Five-Year Plans

A series of centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union, beginning in 1928.

The Great Purge

A campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union which occurred from 1936 to 1938.

Genocide

The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Holocaust

The genocide of European Jews during World War II.

Scapegoat

A person or group made to bear the blame for others or to suffer in their place.

Master Race

A concept in Nazi ideology that the Nordic race is superior to all other races.

Aryans

A term used in Nazi ideology to describe people of Caucasian heritage, excluding Jews and other groups deemed undesirable.

Nuremburg Laws

Antisemitic laws enacted in Nazi Germany.

Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

A pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany on 9–10 November 1938.

Concentration Camps

A place where large numbers of people, especially political prisoners or members of persecuted minorities, are deliberately imprisoned in a relatively small area with inadequate facilities, sometimes to provide forced labor or to await mass execution.

Death Camps

A concentration camp where people were brought to be executed.

Righteous Gentiles

Non-Jewish individuals who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust.

Nuremburg Trials

A series of military tribunals held after World War II by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war.

John Locke

A philosopher, John Locke who is known for his ideas on the social contract, particularly his belief in natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

Thomas Hobbes

An English philosopher known for his political philosophy and the social contract theory, particularly in his work 'Leviathan,' where he argues for absolute monarchy to maintain order.

Voltaire

A prominent Enlightenment thinker known for his advocacy of civil liberties, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state. He wrote numerous works critiquing the political and social status quotes.

Montesquieu

A French philosopher known for his theory of the separation of powers in government, which greatly influenced modern democratic thought. He argued for three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial.

Rousseau

A French philosopher and writer who is best known for his work 'The Social Contract' and his belief in the concept of the general will. He argued that people should rely on a their instincts and emotions.

Diderot

A French philosopher and writer, best known for co-founding the Encyclopedia.

Beccaria

An Italian philosopher known for his work on the reform of criminal law and his opposition to torture and the death penalty. He emphasized the importance of fair trials and proportionate punishment.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An English writer and advocate for women's rights, best known for her book 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.' She argued for educational equality and the importance of women in society.

Maximillian Robespierre

A French lawyer and politician, key figure in the French Revolution, known for his role in the Reign of Terror and his advocacy for radical democracy.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A French military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution, becoming Emperor of the French and establishing a series of reforms including the Napoleonic Code.

Causes for the French Revolution

Social inequality, financial crisis, and Enlightenment idea, weak leader, American Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

A fundamental document of the French Revolution that outlines individual and collective rights.

Continental System

France restricted trade of any goods with Britain

Waterloo

The battle that marks the end of Napoleon’s rule

Congress of Vienna

A conference that re-establishing peace and balance between the European nations following the Napoleonic wars