A&P 10 & 12 Lab Review

What is the study of articulations or joints called?

Arthrology.

What kind of joint, based on joint composition or structure, is one in which the bones are held together by collagenous fibers?

A fibrous joint.

When two bones fuse into a single bone, this union is called what?

A synostosis.

The teeth are held in the jaw by what specific kind of joint?

A gomphosis.

What kind of joint is slightly movable and is held together by fibrous connective tissue?

syndesmosis.

In terms of their structural composition, bones that are held together by cartilage (cartilaginous joints) are what type of joints?

Cartilaginous joints.

The epiphyseal plate is made of cartilage. In terms of movement, it is called a what?

synchondrosis.

Articular cartilage

covers the ends of the bones.

Fibrous capsule

outer layer surrounding the joint

Synovial membrane

inner lining of the joint capsule

What is the name of a joint that holds bones together by a joint capsule?

synovial joint.

Synovial fluid is secreted by what structure?

synovial membrane.

A skull suture is what kind of joint, in terms of movement?

Immovable (a synarthrosis).

Rank the following joints in terms of least movable to most movable, with 1 being the least movable and 5 being the most movable:

1. Suture

2. Syndesmosis

3. Gliding

4. Saddle

5. Ball-and-socket

Which one of the following joints has the greatest range of movement?

Hinge (ball and socket have the greatest overall tho)

In which of these joints would you find a meniscus?

Synovial

What is the function of the meniscus in the knee?

cushions the joint, absorbs shock, improves the fit between the bones, and helps stabilize the knee

Hip

Ball and socket

Radiocarpal

Ellipsoid

Tibiofemoral

Hinge

Intercarpal

Plane

What is the function of the labrum in the shoulder joint?

The labrum deepens the glenoid cavity and helps stabilize the shoulder joint.

The joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal is what kind of joint?

saddle joint.

A class of joint with great movement is what?

A synovial joint / diarthrotic joint.

The joint between the scapula and the humerus is what type of joint?

A ball-and-socket joint.

What kind of joint is located at the wrist (between the radius and the scaphoid bones)?

An ellipsoid (condyloid) synovial joint, specifically the radiocarpal joint.

Femur

thigh bone, superior to the knee

Tibia

larger lower-leg bone, inferior to knee

Fibula

smaller lateral lower-leg bone

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

inside the knee, crossing between femur and tibia

Fibular collateral ligament

lateral side of knee

Tibial collateral ligament

medial side of knee

Meniscus

cartilage between femur and tibia

Antipronation shoes are specialized shoes to keep the feet from pronating. Does this mean that, by using the shoes, the bottom of the feet would be tilted toward the midline or away from the midline?

Toward the midline.

What is the action of the deltoid?

primarily abducts the arm. Its anterior and posterior portions also assist with flexion and extension, respectively

Name the origin of the supraspinatus muscle.

The supraspinous fossa of the scapula.

What is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?

The coracoid process of the scapula.

What is the origin of the levator scapulae?

The transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae.

What is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi?

The humerus, specifically the floor of the intertubercular groove.

Does the biceps brachii muscle originate or insert on the humerus?

Neither. The biceps brachii originates on the scapula and inserts on the radius.

What is the origin of the trapezius?

The occipital bone, nuchal ligament, and spinous processes of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae.

The pectoralis major has what action?

It primarily flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm.

What is the insertion of the subscapularis?

The lesser tubercle of the humerus.

What is the action of the triceps brachii?

Extension of the forearm at the elbow

What is the origin of the brachialis?

The distal half of the anterior humerus.

Name all the muscles that flex the arm

• Biceps brachii

• Brachialis

• Coracobrachialis

• Anterior deltoid

• Pectoralis major

Which muscles are antagonists to the triceps brachii?

biceps brachii and brachialis, because they flex the forearm while the triceps extends it.

What is the origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

The medial epicondyle of the humerus, with additional attachment to the olecranon and posterior border of the ulna.

Where does the flexor digitorum superficialis insert?

The middle phalanges of digits 2–5.

What is the insertion of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle?

The base of the fifth metacarpal.

What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis muscle?

flexes and abducts the hand at the wrist.

Which muscle extends both the hand and the phalanges?

extensor digitorum.

Which muscles flex the hand?

• Flexor carpi radialis

• Flexor carpi ulnaris

• Palmaris longus

Which muscles extend the thumb?

extensor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis.

As you hit a nail with a hammer, which arm muscle are you using?

The triceps brachii, because striking with a hammer involves extending the forearm at the elbow.

As you tilt your head backward, which back muscle are you using?

trapezius.

What are the three muscles that correspond to the single trapezius in humans?

• Clavotrapezius

• Acromiotrapezius

• Spinotrapezius

What is the action of the epitrochlearis?

It flexes the forearm at the elbow.

Which muscle does not correspond to a human muscle?

Xiphihumeralis

How does the deltoid of the cat differ from the deltoid of the human?

How does the deltoid of the cat differ from the deltoid of the human?

Which muscle is more developed in cats: the flexor digitorum superficialis or the flexor digitorum profundus?

flexor digitorum superficialis