Nutrition Exam Final

Special populations

individuals with special physical capabilities or limitations that make adjustments necessary to a standard fitness program

Diabetes

-29.1 million people affected

-3/4 are diagnoses

-Metabolic Disease

What does diabetes cause?

-Affects carbohydrate metabolism

-Cause hyperglycemia

- Ketosis/Ketoacidosis

-Increase risk for heart and kidney disease

-causes peripheral nerve damage

Type 1 Diabetes

Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Type 2 diabetes

Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production.

Common symptoms of diabetes

- Excessive Thirst

- Excessive urination

- Dehydration

- Dizziness

- Headache

- Blurred Vision

- Unexplained weight loss

- Excessive hunger

- Poor wound healing

Type 1 Diabetes with exercise

Requires careful self monitoring

-Timing of insulin

-Dosage of Insulin

-Timing of meals

-Meal composition

Type 2 Diabetes with Exercise

-Easier to manage

-Requires some self monitoring

-Insulin not usually required

Hypoglycemia

abnormally low level of sugar in the blood

Hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

Athletes with Type 1 Diabetes should consume _____ to _______ grams of CHO every 30 to 60 minutes during exercise

15, 30

Considerations for pregnant athletes

Competition

Intensity and volume of exercise

Physician recommendations

Dietary recommendations

Special dietary concerns for pregnant athletes

Daily caloric intake

Protein consumption

B vitamins

Vitamin C

Vitamin A

Magnesium

Iron

Additional calories needed for pregnant athletes

average 300 kcals/day

Protein requirements for pregnant athletes

-Protein needs are slightly increased -Extra 20 to 25 grams of protein are

needed each day

(3 cups of skim milk

3 oz of beef, chicken, or fish

1.5 cups of beans, lentils, or other legumes 3 oz of nuts)

-Protein needs usually are easily met if caloric intake is appropriate

Vitamin B requirements for pregnant athletes

-B vitamins are critical for energy production and tissue development

-Recommended intake is 600 micrograms/day

Vitamin C requirements for pregnant athletes

-Critical for collagen formation, hormone synthesis, and immune function

-Improves absorption of iron

-Increase intake to 80 to 85

milligrams/day

Vitamin A requirements for pregnant athletes

-Needed for cell differentiation and immune function

-750 to 770 µg (RAE)/day

-Obtain extra from foods, not supplements

(Spinach, broccoli, Tomato juice, Carrots)

Magnesium Requirements for Pregnant Athletes

Required for muscle

contraction and energy production

Increase by 40 mg to 350 to 360 mg/day

Sources overlap with others:

Whole wheat, tofu, yogurt, beans, nuts, some fish, spinach

Iron Requirements for Pregnant Athletes

-Required for RBC production, oxygen delivery, energy level

-Increase to 27 mg/day

-Sources include beef, poultry, fish, legumes, and iron-fortified grains.

-Supplementation may be needed.

Nutritional Considerations for Child and Teen athletes

-Caloric intake must provide for growth

-Caloric Intake must meet sport needs

-Nutrient intake must be adequate o maintain "growth channel" of child

Why Athletes Should Avoid Alcohol

-Use is banned

-Can be illegal (age)

-Safety issues (driving)

-Nutritionally "empty"

-Poor CHO source

-Can increase body fat

-Stimulates appetite

Special Considerations for Masters athletes

-altered vitamin and mineral needs (Decrease chromium, Decrease iron, Increase vitamin D, Increase calcium, Increase magnesium)

-chronic diseases

-food/drug interactions

Common weight management concerns for athletes

*Impact on performance

*Aesthetics/body image

*Weight classifications for competition

*Changing body composition

-Increase muscle mass

-Decrease fat mass

Obesity in Athletics

-Approx. 2/3 of general pop is overweight

- In athletes, obesity is relatively rare

-Athletes at risk: Football. Wrestling, Boxing, and Field Event

causes of obesity

Genetics, Behavioral practice, social/cultural influences, psychological factors, environmental factors, physiological factors

Health consequences of Obesity

Increased Morality, Increased morbidity

Determining Weight Status

BMI

Behavioral Modifications that Help in weight loss

-increase exercise/activity

-set short- and long-term goals

-encourage self-monitoring

Requirements for Gaining Weight

-Regular participation in resistance training program

-Achieving a positive energy balance

-Achieving a positive nitrogen balance

Resistance Training

Train for hypertrophy: 8-12 reps/set, 3 to 5 sets musle group, 2to3 times/week

Achieving a positive energy balance

- Caloric intake > caloric expenditure

- Optimal rate of weight gain is ~ 1/2 to 1 pound per week

- Additional 300-500 calories per day

- Carbohydrates should predominate

disordered eating

-Becoming a more prevalent problem

-Athletes at risk

-Pressure to attain the ideal in their sport

-Pressures from others

Anorexia Nervosa

Severe calorie restriction

Significant weight loss

Refusal to maintain normal, healthy weight

Intense fear of weight gain

Distorted body image

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Physical Effects of Eating Disorders in Athletes

Decreased fat-free mass (i.e., muscle)

Dehydration

Glycogen depletion

Negative hormonal disturbances

Gastrointestinal problems due to laxative use

Anxiety

Inability to sleep

Decreased concentration

Poor exercise performance

Increased risk for overuse injuries

Signs of Muscle Dysmorphia

Preoccupation with body shape/size

Preoccupation with muscularity impairs other aspects of life

Excessive exercise

Obsesses about food

May abuse steroids

Macrocycle

an entire year

Mesocycle

Smaller cycle, 2-3 months

Microcycle

weekly training within each month

Nutrition periodization

the creation of a nutrition plan to support training that has been divided into distinct periods of time

Application process for nutrition periodization

1. Planning

2. Developing

3. Implementing

The pre season goals

1. Eat to lose

2. Eat to train

3. Eat to learn

4. Eat to improve metabolic efficiency

What is metabolic efficiency

Relationship between CHO oxidation to fat oxidation

-As exercise intensity increases, the body relies more on CHO as energy

Goals to meet higher energy demands

1. Warming up the gut

2. Practice competition eating during training

3. Continue Metabolic Efficiency

4. Fine tune you nutrition

5. Avoid temptations

Off season nutrition goals

1. Manage emotions

2. Identifying the necessary nutritional shift

3. Discontinue the use of sport nutrition products

4. Preventing weight and fat gain