KINS 4500 exam 1 practice questions

VO2 = 3.0 L/min

VCO2 = 2.4 L/min

Calculate RER

RER = 2.4/3.0

= 0.80

Interpretation: mixed fuel use with a relatively greater contribution from fat than at RER 1

VO2 = 4.0 L/min

VCO2 = 3.8 L/min

Calculate RER

RER = 3.8/4

= 0.95

Interpretation: this indicates a relatively greater carbohydrate contribution than an RER of 0.70-0.80

VO2 = 28 mL/kg/min

Calculate METs

METs = 28/3.5

= 8 METs

An athletes VO2 max increases from 50→60 mL/kg/min

They increase at 30 mL/kg/min

Explain absolute vs relative intensity

Before training: 30/50 = 60%

After training 30/60 = 50%

Same absolute workload, but relatively intensity decreased from 60% to 50%

Which principle states that adaptations are specific to the training stimulus?

A) reversibility

B) specificity

C) Individuality

D) Progression

B) Specificity

Which stage of selye’s general adaptation syndrome involves the initial reposnse to a stressor?

A) Resistance

B) Exhaustion

C) Alarm

D) adaptation

C) alarm

Which energy system has the highest power?

A) Oxidative

B) ATP-PCr

C) aerobic glycolysis

D) fat oxidation

B) ATP-PCr

Where does glycolysis occur?

A) mitochondrial matrix

B) inner mitochondrial membrane

C) cytosol

D) nucleus

C) cytosol

Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in

A) glycolysis

B) beta oxidation

C) electron transport chain

D) the ATP-PCr system

C) electron transport chain

Which fuel can provide ATP most rapidly during high-intensity exercise?

A. Fat
B. Carbohydrate
C. Protein
D. Water

b) carbohydrate

Which statement about lactate is most accurate?

A. Lactate is simply a useless waste product
B. Lactate cannot be used as fuel
C. Lactate can be transported and oxidized as a fuel
D. Lactate only occurs when oxygen is completely absent

C

What happens when lactate production exceeds lactate clearance?

A. Lactate concentration decreases
B. Lactate accumulates
C. Oxygen consumption becomes zero
D. ATP production stops immediately

B

MLSS represents:

A. The lowest intensity at which lactate appears
B. The highest intensity at which lactate can remain relatively stable over time
C. Maximum oxygen consumption
D. Resting lactate concentration

B

Which equation correctly calculates RER?

A. VO₂/VCO₂
B. VCO₂/VO₂
C. VO₂ × VCO₂
D. VO₂ − VCO₂

B

A VO₂ of 35 mL/kg/min corresponds to approximately:

A. 5 METs
B. 7 METs
C. 10 METs
D. 15 METs

C

An RER of approximately 0.70 indicates relatively greater reliance on:

A. Carbohydrate
B. Fat
C. Protein
D. Lactate

B

EPOC occurs:

A. Before exercise
B. Only during maximal exercise
C. After exercise
D. Only during sleep

C

As exercise intensity increases, carbohydrate oxidation generally:

A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. Becomes zero
D. Remains exactly the same

B

Following endurance training, which response would you expect at the same absolute workload?

A. Higher relative intensity
B. Higher lactate
C. Lower relative intensity
D. Lower aerobic contribution

C

A taper primarily involves:

A. Increasing training volume immediately before competition
B. Eliminating all exercise
C. Reducing training volume while maintaining fitness
D. Increasing fatigue before competition

C

Which has the greatest capacity for ATP production?

A. ATP-PCr
B. Oxidative metabolism
C. Stored ATP
D. PCr alone

B

Which statement is true?

A. Absolute workload and relative workload are always identical
B. Two people can perform the same absolute workload at different relative intensities
C. Training increases relative intensity at the same workload
D. Relative intensity is independent of fitness

B

T or F: ATP is stored in unlimited quantities inside muscle.

False

T or F: The ATP-PCr system has high power but low capacity.

true

T or F: Glycolysis occurs inside the mitochondrial matrix.

False

T or F: Lactate can be used as a metabolic fuel.

true

T or F: EPOC occurs after exercise.

false

T or F: RER is calculated as VO₂ divided by VCO₂.

false

T or F: A higher exercise intensity generally increases carbohydrate reliance.

true

T or F: Tapering means completely stopping training

false

T or F: After endurance training, the same absolute workload may represent a lower relative intensity.

true

T or F: Fatty acids can be directly converted into net glucose through normal human metabolism.

false

Match each term to the description.

Terms

A. Specificity
B. Reversibility
C. Periodization
D. Taper

1. Planned reduction in training before competition

2. Adaptations decrease when training stops

3. Training adaptations depend on the type of stimulus

4. Systematic variation of training over time

1-D
2-B
3-A
4-C

The equation for respiratory exchange ratio is: __

RER = VCO2/VO2

The conventional oxygen consumption value for 1 MET is:

3.5 mL/kg/min

A study compares trained and untrained individuals performing the same cycling workload. The trained group has lower blood lactate and lower RER.

Explain the physiological mechanisms that could account for these differences.

The trained group may have greater aerobic capacity and improved oxidative metabolism. At the same absolute workload, the workload represents a lower relative intensity for the trained group. Greater mitochondrial density, oxidative enzyme activity, and fat oxidation can reduce reliance on carbohydrate and glycolysis. This can contribute to a lower RER and lower blood lactate at the same absolute workload.

A researcher claims:

"The increase in blood lactate during intense exercise proves that lactate causes fatigue."

Would the data support this claim?

Answer framework

You would want to explain:

1. High-intensity exercise increases glycolytic flux.

2. Pyruvate can be converted to lactate.

3. Lactate can be transported and oxidized.

4. Lactate itself is not simply a toxic waste product.

5. Fatigue is multifactorial.

6. Therefore, observing increased lactate alone does not establish that lactate directly caused fatigue.

Key scientific concept:

Correlation/association does not automatically establish causation.

Two athletes perform the same absolute cycling workload. Athlete A has an RER of 0.75 and Athlete B has an RER of 0.95.

What does this suggest about their substrate utilization?

Athlete A has a greater relative contribution from fat oxidation, while Athlete B has a greater relative contribution from carbohydrate oxidation. If Athlete A is endurance trained and Athlete B is untrained, the difference could reflect training adaptations that allow greater fat oxidation and reduced carbohydrate reliance at the same absolute workload.

Explain why oxygen consumption is not immediately at its required steady-state level when exercise begins and why oxygen consumption remains elevated after exercise ends.

At the beginning of exercise, oxidative metabolism takes time to increase to the level required by the workload. During this oxygen deficit, ATP-PCr and glycolytic metabolism contribute more heavily to ATP production. After exercise, oxygen consumption remains elevated as the body restores ATP and PCr, replenishes oxygen stores, supports recovery processes, and returns physiological systems toward resting conditions. This post-exercise elevation is called EPOC.