FIU Bio 1 Test

positive control

known response is expected

negative control

no response is expected

theory

an accepted general principle or body of knowledge

inductive reasoning

logic flows in the opposite direction from the specific to the general

analogous/homoplasy vs homology

homologous: same evolutionary origin, difference in structure and function
analogous: similar function but different evolutionary origin

what did darwin use as his evidence of natural selection

his observation that although every organism has the potential to produce more offspring than can survive, only a limited number actually do survive and produce further offspring. Also his observations of the finches on the galapagos islands: they differed in their beaks and feeding habits, so he concluded that the different shapes of their bills represented evolutionary adaptations that improved their ability to eat the foods available in their specific habitat. He also observed that the traits of offspring could be changed by artificial selection.

what do we use as proof of natural selection

the discovery of other fossils provide comparative anatomy and molecular evidence

know all cell parts + what they look like + functions

peroxisome: contains enzymes involved in the oxidation of fatty acids. contain digestive and detoxifying enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide as a by product
plasma membrane: regulates what comes in and out of the cell
nucleus: instructions for protein synthesis and cell reproduction; contains genetic information
chromosomes: contain hereditary information used to direct synthesis of proteins
nucleolis: synthesis of rRNA and ribosome assembly
ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum: forms transport vesicles, participates in lipid synthesis and synthesis of membrane or secreted proteins
golgi apparatus: packages proteins for export from cells
lysosomes: digest worn out organelles and cell debris
microbodies: isolate particular chemical activities from rest of cell
mitochondria: power plants of the cell; site of oxidative metabolism
chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis
cytoskeleton: structural support; cell movement and movement of vesicles
flagella: motility or moving fluids over surfaces
cell wall: protection, support

what is an isotope

atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutrons

atomic number

number of protons

know the functional groups

just be able to recognize alcohol, carbonyl, carboxyl, amine, sulfide, phosphate and methyl

uniport, symport, antiport

uniport: carrier proteins that transport a single type of molecule
symport: carrier proteins that transport two molecules in the same direction
antiport: transport two molecules in opposite direction

coupled transport

molecules are transported across a membrane against their concentration gradient by the cotransport of sodium ions or protons down their concentration gradient

inter, intra, between, among

inter: between
intra: within
between: two
among: more

five prime three prime

the terminal 5' Carbon of the growing strand adds to the 3' carbon of the new molecule

hydrolysis + dehydration synthesis

dehydration synthesis: formation of large molecules by the removal of water (monomers are joined to form polymers)
hydrolysis: breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water (polymers are broken down to monomers)

ligand

signaling molecule

receptor

molecule to which the receptor binds

monomer of a carbohydrate

monosaccharides

monomer of DNA

nucleotides

monomer of a fat (lipid)

fatty acids and glycerol

monomer of a protein

amino acids

amino attaches to

carboxyl

triglyceride is composed of

three fatty acids attached to one glycerol

endosymbiosis theory

proposal that eukaryotic organelles evolved through a symbiotic relationship; one cell engulfed a second cell and a symbiotic relationship was developed; mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved this way

cis and trans

receives material for processing in transport vehicles on the cis face and sends material packaged in transport or secretory vesicles off the trans face

which organelles have their own dna besides the nucleus

mitochondria and chloroplasts

hyper vs hypo vs iso

isotonic: two solutions have the same osmotic concentration
hypertonic: solution outside of cell has a lower water concentration so water moves outside the cell
hypotonic: solution outside of cell has a higher water concentration so water moves into the cell

what is needed for natural selection to occur

variation, increased reproductive success

saturated vs unsaturated

saturated fats make the membrane less fluid (they pack together well); unsaturated fats make the membrane more fluid (the kinks from double bonds keep them from packing together)

osmosis

water diffuses through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water

diffusion

a net movement of substances from regions of high concentrations to regions of low concentrations (move with concentration gradient)

facilitated diffusion

diffusion mediated by a membrane protein

active transport

requires energy and the use of highly selective carrier proteins (move against concentration gradient)

phagocytosis

process in which the material the cell takes in is made up of discrete particles; particle is engulfed by membrane which folds around it and forms a vesicle

sodium potassium pump

Direct use of ATP for active transport; uses an antiporter to move three sodiums out of the cell and two potassiums into the cell against their concentration gradient; ATP energy is used to change the conformation of the carrier protein; affinity of the carrier protein for either Na+ or K+ changes so the ions can be carried across the membrane

RTK

RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) activation bring about changes in gene transcription (insulin)

chemically gated

molecular gates triggered chemically to open or close (ex. neurons)
binds signal extracellularly; catalyzes response intracellularly

what makes something living

evolutionary adaptation, homeostasis, energy utilization, growth, development, and reproduction, sensitivity, ordered complexity, cellular organization

hypothesis

a suggested explanation that accounts for observations. A proposition that might be true.

pinocytosis

process in which the material the cell takes in is liquid; fluid droplets are engulfed by membrane which folds around it and forms a vesicle

g proteins

binding of signal to receptor causes GTP to bind with attached GTP detaches to deliver signal messages inside cell

ensymatically gated

binds signal extracellularly; catalyzes response intracellularly

fluid mosaic model

model that explains the structure and function of cell membranes

amphipathic

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

osmoregulation

the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, maintain homeostasis

4 basic types of signaling

paracrine, autocrine, endocrine and direct

golgi apparatus

process and packeges the proteins and lipids tells them where to go (what their function is in that cell)

forms of signaling

intracellular and intercellular

intracellular signaling

communication within the cell in response to external environmental cues (goes in)

intercellural signaling

communication between cells (doesnt go in)

protein kinase

an enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein

protein phosphatase

an enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein

exoxytosis

materials in vesicles are secreted from the cell when the vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane

endocytosis

transports macromolecules, large particles and small cells into eukartotic cells by means of engulfment

receptor mediated endocytosis

a cellular process that allows cells to absorb molecules from outside of the cell by binding to receptors on the cell surface

bulk transport

endocytosis and exocytosis

how many sodium pumps are pumped out for every potassium pumps

3 sodium for every 2 potassium

septate/tight junctions

link adjacent epithelial cells

restrict migration of proteins/phospholipids from one region of the cell to another

prevent substances from moving into intercellular space

anchoring/adhesive junction

spot welds on adjacent cells holding them together

use desmosomes and hemidesomosomes as points of adhesion tied together with cadherins, intermediate filaments, actin filaments and others

communicating junctions

has 2 types

connections that faciliatet communication between cells

2 types of communicating junctions

gap junctions and plasmodesmata

gap junctions

ONLY IN ANIMALS

made up of specialized proteins channels called connexons

Plasmodesmata

ONLY PLANTS

microscopic channels that connect plant cells and some algal cells but more structurally complex

fluidity depends on

degree of saturation

temperature (heat)

cholesterol

what can be found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

ribosomes, genetic material, a cytoplasm, and plasma membranes

9+2 relates to what

cilia and flagella

9 pairs of microtubules surrounded by 2 central mircotubules

3 main components of the cytoskeleton

microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

intermediate filaments

provide structural stability

microtubules

act as highways, organization of the cell division, and cilia/flagella movement

actin filaments

help with cell shape, support, cells to migrate, engulf and divide

Motor proteins (movers)

Kinesin, Dynein,Myosin

3 major intracellular organells that digest proteins

lysosome, proteasome, peroxisomes

lysosomes

gets rid of extracellular proteins, endocytosis and phagocytosis

proteasomes

endogenous proteins, improperly folded proteins

peroxisomes

break down only toxic materials in cells

order of endomembrane system

nuclear membrane

plasa membrane

er (rough/smooth)

golgi

lysosomes/proteasomes

peroxisomes

vesicles

vacuoles

Vesicles

small sacs that move in and out of the cells

2 types of prokaryotes

archaea, bacteria

what is this

carbohydrates

what is this

phospholipid

what are phospholipids composed of

1 glycerol

2 fatty acid

one phosphate group

triglycerides

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

what is this

triglyceride

what is this

proteins

polypeptide

chains of amino acids linked together to make protein

what is this

amino acid

name this functional group (only the red)

hydroxyl

what is this functional group

carboxyl

what is this functional group

amino

what is this functional group

—- S — H

sulfhydryl

what functional group is this

phosphate

what functional group is this

methyl

properties of water

polar, high heat capacity, heat of vaporization, solvent, cohesive and adhesive

ionic bond

the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms.

covalent bond

the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms

hydrogen bond

attraction that occurs between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom

Potential energy

stored energy based on positon and forces acting on it

kinetic energy

energy and object has because of its motion

Molecule

a group of atoms bonded together