Air law PPL

How many articles of the Chicago convention

96

What is the international civil aviation organisation

Helps promote and standardise rules and procedures

Where can you find the standards and recommended practices

In ICAO articles

What is a state

Countries which signed up to Chicago convention

What is state of registry

Country an aircraft is registered in

What is the difference between should and shall

Shall: must do smth

Should: doesn't have to but is recommended

What is sovereignty

Every state has complete and exclusive sovereignty over airspace above its territory

What is non-scheduled flights over state's territory

Aircraft other than scheduled have right to make flights over territories and make stops without permission

However, may require aircraft to make landing

Can aircraft's be registered in more than one state

No- registration may be changed from one state to another

If a serious accident occurs in a state where the aircraft is not registered, who carries out the inquest

The state where it occurred — the state where it is registered can observe

What are civil aviation activities as classified by ICAO

Commercial air transport services:

- scheduled

- non - scheduled (charter, on demand etc)

General Aviation

- non-commercial business

- instructional

- pleasure

- aerial work

What is EASA

European Aviation safety agency

- created to provide European harmonisation of standards in licensing, engineering and operational matters

UK was a member but left when UK left EU

- however, regulations which had been in force were now transferred into UK law as 'retained EU law'

What is parts of basic regulation branches in retained EU law

- NCO ops part: PART-NCO

- Flight crew licensing: PART-FCL

- Dealing with Rules of air: SERA (standardised European rules of the air)

Acceptable means of compliance

Standards adopted by authority to illustrate means to establish compliance with the basic regulation

What is guidance material

Gives explanatory and interpretation material on how to achieve the requirements contained in Basic Regulation and the AMCs. Contains info, like examples, to assist user interpreting and applying the Basic Regulation and AMCs

What were the standards for non-EASA aircraft as too varied for Basic EASA Regs

Remained under national rules- for UK, Air Navigation Order (ANO)

What is the Air Navigation Order (ANO)

Contains UK law enacted by Parliament — safety requirements for all aircraft in UK airspace and people involved in operations

Deals with national licences and aircraft not covered by EU law when member of EASA, so not covered by retained EU law

How is the ANO subdivided

Into parts - each relate an item of major importance

Into number of articles in each part — deal with particular subjects within broader scope of part

What is the series of appendices to the order in ANO

Schedules

What is part-21

Scheme for aircraft design and production certification under EASA and has been included in UK retained EU law enacted

What is the difference between part-21 and non-part-21 aircraft

Part-21 aircraft are regulated under retained EU law but non-Part-21 aircraft are regulated under ANO

What documents required to fly a UK registered aeroplane?

- ANO (2016): safety requirements in UK airspace + persons involved in aircraft operations and airworthiness, flight crew regulations and operational for non-part-21 aircraft

-SERA (standardised European Rules of the Air) and UK rules of the Air regulations: all in airspace must adhere to

- Part-FCL (all licensing requirements for Part-21 aeroplanes)

- Part-NCO (ops regulations for Part-21)

- ANO P6 and schedule 8: all licensing for non-part-21

- ANO P5 and schedule 5: all ops regs for non-part-21

What is the CAA

Authority responsible for ensuring EU retained law and ANO is upheld in UK

How does the CAA provide info to pilots and operators

Through Aeronautical Information Service (AIS) — obtain info from several docs found mainly online:

- Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)

- Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC)

- NOTAMs and AIP supplements

Combined: these docs make up IAIP (integrated aeronautical information package)

What is the aeronautical information service giving way to

Aeronautical Information management — more global and efficiently organised and managed

What is AIP split into

3 sections:

- GENERAL (GEN): covers things like national regulations and requirements, available services and navigation charges

- ENROUTE (ENR): contains General Rules and procedures, air traffic service info, nav warnings and concerning things on flight

- AERODROME (AD): find all info regarding any licensed airfield in UK

What is AIC

Issued on regular basis + contains info CAA highlights

What does a white AIC mean

Administrative

What does a yellow AIC mean

Operational and Air Traffic Services

What does a pink AIC mean

Air Safety

What does a mauve AIC mean

Restricted airspace

What does green AIC mean

Maps and charts

NOTAMs and AIP supplements

- Notice to airmen: before flight to ensure no restrictions + info like closed runways

- AIP supplements: contain temporary items but significant text which would be too much for NOTAM alone (events like major air shows etc) - issued every 28 days and remain until all info no longer current — updated on fixed cycle every 28 days called Aeronautical information regulation and control cycle (AIRAC)— permanent info to do with nav

3 types of NOTAMS

NOTAMN: new info

NOTAMR: replacing prev info

NOTAMC: cancelling prev

To operate radio transmitting equipment over different state territory ...

Both radio station and operator must be licensed by state of registry of the aircraft

ICAO requires aircraft on international flight to carry...

Certificate of airworthiness, registration, crew licences, journey log book, radio licences and passenger and cargo manifests

What, under the Chicago convention, is exempt from customs duty and inspection fees

Spare parts, fuel, oil, regular equipment and aircraft stores

When an aircraft from one state lands in another, authorities have the right to...

Search the aircraft and documents

Under the Chicago convention (fly with permission etc)

Apart from scheduled services all aircraft from states may fly into another territory without permission

An aircraft entering the territory of a contracting state may be required to land....

At a customs airport

Who is responsible for ensuring rules relating to aircraft in flight are adhered to

State of registry and state over the territory the aircraft is flying

Where can you find the registration of the aircraft

On underside of left wing and both sides of fuselage

Fireproof metal plate

All aircraft must have fireproof metal plate fitted inside which has nationality and registration mark on it

What is the certificate of airworthiness (C of A)

Issued in accordance to the retained EU law to aircraft which are deemed to be airworthy with regard to design, construction, maintenance, equipment and successful tests

What is a flight manual

Associated with C of A and contains limitations within the aircraft considered airworthy and instructions and info for crew for safe operations

What is an aircraft operating manual

Manual acceptable to the state of the operator, consisting of normal, abnormal and emergency procedures, limitations, checklists, performance info, details of systems and other relevant things

Can an aircraft still fly if a C of A is not held

Need a permit to fly- can be issued by CAA instead which will state limitations. This applies for non-part-21 aircraft and those undergoing a test to obtain a C of A

How are aircraft governed by retained EU regs maintained

With approved maintenance programme

What is the annual

Annual inspection of C of A aircraft

What is used to keep c of a valid after annual inspection

Airworthiness Review Certificate

What is the additional check required in addition to the annual for C of A

Maintenance check every 50 hours or 6 months (whichever comes first).

Certificate of Release to Service (CRS) must be issued after these checks before any flights — must be signed after any maintenance, modifications or repairs

How are non-part-21 aircraft maintained

Under a Light Aircraft Maintenance Schedule (LAMS) — issues a Certificate of Maintenance Review (under 2730kg) every 12 months

What is a technical log

Record the flight details, defects or unserviceable items or maintenance carried out

Who carries out most of the maintenance on part-21 aircraft

Qualified engineers + managed by a Continuing Airworthiness Management Organisation (CAMO)

When an aircraft is damaged, who decides whether the damage renders the aircraft no longer airworthy

State of Registry

What are 3 other logbooks aircraft operators have to have

- Aircraft logbook for each aircraft

- Engine logbook for each engine

- Propeller logbook for each variable pitch propeller

Give history of each item and must be kept for 2 years after has been destroyed or permanently taken out of use

Aircraft weight and balance schedule is part of the ____

Certificate of airworthiness

What does the weight and balance schedule show

- weight of aircraft

- weight limitations

- range for the centre of gravity position

After major overhauls, resprays or modifications, the aircraft has to be ______

Reweighed — old weight and balance schedule have to be kept for 6 months

When is a noise certificate issued

When the aircraft complies with the standards specified by the ICAO

Who is a noise certificate required for

Every propeller driven plane up to weight of 9000kg

All helicopters and microlight planes

Every other subsonic aeroplane with max take off weight requiring take-off distance of over 610m

Does radio equipment need a licence

Yes- has to be renewed every 3 years so it can be legally used

Who is responsible for organising the insurance

The owner or operator

Who's responsibility is it to check insurance is in place before flying the aircraft

Pilot

What are the three parts to insurance

- passenger

- third party

- hull (aircraft's value)

What is the legal minimum level of insurance cover

For passenger and third party but not for the hull — but would be very costly in accident

What is flight time

The total time from the moment an aeroplane first moves for the purpose of taking off until the moment it finally comes to rest at the end of the flight.

How long do you need ur logbook for in date of last entry

2 years

Where can the rules of the air be found

The Standardised European Rules of the Air UK (SERA) and UK rules of the Air Regulations

Who does the UK rules apply to

All aircraft flying in the UK and all UK registered aircraft

Which way do you give way to in the air

The right

What must the aircraft with right of way do

Maintain speed and heading

What gives way to balloons

All aircrafts (inc gliders and airships)

What do airships give way to

Balloons and gliders

Fixed position of another aircraft in the windscreen indicates a _______

Constant relative bearing and therefore a collision risk

When you are heading head on with an aircraft, each aircraft turns ______

Right

When overtaking in the air, keep the other aircraft on your _____

Left

What colour is the right navigational light

Green

What colour is the left navigational light

Red

What colours to colours of navigational lights are safe

Red —> Red

Green —> Green

If green navigational lights are observed ahead and to the left

High risk of collision

If red lights are observed and to the right

High risk of collision

If at night you see a single red lights at altitude, likely to be a ______ or ________

Glider or free balloon

When flying alone a feature like road, it is a good idea to keep it on your _____

Left so you're flying to the right of it

When over a congested area, an aircraft is not to fly less than ______ft over the highest fixed object within ___m

1000ft

600m

Over a congested area, in event of an emergency, must be able to ________

Make a landing without undue hazard hazard to people or property —- and this is the responsibility of the pilot and not ATC

What is the 500 foot rule

An aircraft is not to fly closer than 500 feet to any person, vehicle, vessel or structure

What is the exemptions of the 500 foot rule and flight over congested area rule

When landing or taking-off in accordance with normal aviation practices

When practising approaches to land at an aerodrome or checking navigational aids or procedures at an aerodrome

Except with written CAA approval, aircraft shall not fly over an organised open-air assembly of over 1000 people below heights of....

- 1000 feet above highest obstacle within 600m (same as congested area)

Or ...

- such height which would permit landing (emergency) without undue hazard to persons or property

An aircraft should not land or take-off within 1000m of an organised, open-air assembly of 1000 people+ except

- at aerdrome (procedures notified by CAA)

- landing site not aerodrome but notified to CAA and written permission of the organiser of the assembly

Who reports hazardous conditions to ATC

Pilot in command

What are the three types of aerodrome

- Government: military airdromes

- Licensed: meet criteria of facilities, equipment, fire service and obstacles — issued by CAA and must be maintained

- Unlicensed: don't meet standards to become licensed or use of airfield doesn't justify it obtaining a licence

What requires an aerodrome to have an emergency plan and what does it entail

- Retained EU law and National — must be proportionate to aircraft operations and activities at the aerodrome, provide for coordination of appropriate organisations to respond to emergency, procedures to test for adequate plan + review results to improve

What is an ICAO code

Location indicator - 4 characters listed in AIP

EG = shows uk airfield

What direction do you turn after landing when ops aren't confined to a runway

Left

If two or more are landing, which has right of way

Lowest

Do you take off and land into wind

Yes

What is the order of circuit pattern

Upwind

Crosswind

Downwind

Base

Long final —> final —> short final

Do you make left or right hand circuits usually

Left (make all turns to the left)

What is PPR

Prior Permission Required