Bioethics: Principles

Principle of Legitimate Cooperatio

Guides ethical decisions when involved in morally questionable acts.

Formall and Material Cooperation

Types of Principle of Legitimate Cooperation

Formal Cooperation

Sharing the immoral intent

Formal Cooperation

always unethical Principle of Legitimate Cooperation

Material Cooperation

Indirect involvement without intent to do harm.

Immediate and Mediate

types of Material Cooperation

Immediate Material

Essential to the act (e.g., forced participation)

Immediate Material

usually unethical type of Material Cooperation

Mediate Material

Non-essential; may be ethical

Not immediate, Prevents greater harm, Minimizes and scandal and degree of involvement

Mediate Material may be ethical if?

Principle of the Common Good

Refers to societal conditions that allow all people to thrive

holistic, equitable care and advocacy for health justice

Nursing supports the common good through?

Principle of Subsidiarity

Decisions should be made at the lowest competent level, empowering individuals and communities.

Principle of Subsidiarity

In healthcare, this means involving frontline workers like nurses in decisions that affect patient care

Principle of Stewardship

teaches that human beings are caretakers of God's creation, including both the environment and the human body.

responsibility, sustainability, and accountability in using natural and human resources

what does the Principle of Stewardship emphasizes

Grounded in theological and ethical belief, Applies to both external (ecological) and internal (bodily, mental, social) dimensions, Encourages the responsible use of technology, environmental resources, and medical advancements

what is the Key Aspects of Principle of Stewardship

Personal, Social, Ecological, Biomedical

Nurses Role as a Steward

Principle of Totality and Its Integrity

This principle holds that medical decisions should serve the good of the whole person, considering physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being

Principle of Totality and Its Integrity

A treatment that harms a part of the body is ethically acceptable only if it benefits the whole person

Amputation for Survival and Chemotherapy

example of Principle of Totality and Its Integrity

Respect for Autonomy, Moral Decision-Making, Patient Advocacy

whta re the Ethical-Moral Responsibility of Nurses in Surgery for Principle of Totality and Its Integrity

often debated from religious and moral perspectives, especially in the context of natural law.

Ethical Viewpoint of Sterilization under the Principle of Totality and Its Integrity

such as FGM is ethically and legally condemned, as it violates bodily integrity without medical justification.

Ethical Viewpoint of Mutilation under the Principle of Totality and Its Integrity

Nurses educate patients on the consequences and ethical issues related to non-therapeutic sterilization or harmful cultural practices like FGM

Nursing Role in Sterilization and Mutilation Principle of Totality and Its Integrity

Preservation of Bodily Functional Integrity

This principle upholds respect for the wholeness and functionality of the human body, both anatomically and functionally

Anatomical Integrity and Functional Integrity

Types of Preservation of Bodily Functional Integrity

Anatomical Integrity

Keeping all physical parts of the body intact (e.g., limbs, organs)

Functional Integrity

Maintaining systems that work properly (e.g., digestion, breathing)

Ethical Considerations in Issues on Organ Donation

Requires informed consent, respect for the deceased, and understanding of moral beliefs (e.g., religious views on the body after death).

Ethical Considerations of Issues on Organ Donation

Emphasizes the principle of charity and solidarity—offering life to another.

educating families about donation, supporting their grief, and ensuring ethical conduct in the donation process

Nursing Role in Issues on Organ Donation

Principle of Ordinary and Extraordinary Measures

Readily available, not burdensome, offers real benefit,Painful, expensive, or offer minimal hope of benefit

Ordinary

Readily available, not burdensome, offers real benefit (e.g., antibiotics for pneumonia)

Extraordinary

Painful, expensive, or offer minimal hope of benefit (e.g., ventilator support in irreversible coma)

ordinary

Continuing dialysis for a patient with reversible kidney failure is an example of?

extraordinary

Keeping a terminal patient on mechanical ventilation when death is imminent is an example of?

Principle of Personalized Sexuality

Emphasizes that sexuality is a gift from God, integrated within a person's identity, and ordered toward love, procreation, and fidelity.

Upholds marriage and Condemns acts that degrade sexuality

Key Ethical Points of Principle of Personalized Sexuality

Human Sexuality

encompasses biological, emotional, social, psychological, and spiritual dimensions of sexual identity and behavior

Human Sexuality

It is expressed through thoughts, attractions, orientation, relationships, and practices

Biological, Psychological, Cultural/Religious and Social

Dimensions of Sexuality

Hormones, reproductive organs

Biological as a Dimensions of Sexuality are?

Desires, fantasies

Psychological as a Dimensions of Sexuality are?

Beliefs and values around sex

Cultural/Religious as a Dimensions of Sexuality are?

Gender roles, norms, and relationships

Social as a Dimensions of Sexuality are?

Heterosexual, Homosexual, Bisexual, Asexual, Transsexual

Types of Sexual Orientation (Moral Lens)

Heterosexual

Attraction to opposite sex

Homosexual

Attraction to same sex

Bisexual

Attraction to both sexes

Asexual

No sexual attraction

Transsexual

Gender identity mismatch with biological sex

Raises questions on gender identity, bodily autonomy, and moral theology

what is the Moral-Ethical Considerations of Transsexual

Ethically neutral; accepted in virtue ethics for celibacy and temperance

what is the Moral-Ethical Considerations of Asexual

Ethical views depend on cultural context and fidelity

what is the Moral-Ethical Considerations of Bisexual

Viewed variably; supported by utilitarianism (harm reduction) and liberal ethics, but morally opposed in natural law

what is the Moral-Ethical Considerations of Homosexual

Aligned with natural law and traditional religious teachings

what is the Moral-Ethical Considerations of Heterosexual

Rape, Child Molestation, Pornography, Masturbation, Prostitution, Premarital Sex, Same-Sex Marriage and Extramarital Affairs

what are the Moral Issues in Public Sexuality

Intrinsically evil, legally and morally wrong. Violates autonomy, dignity, consent.

what is the Ethical/Moral Evaluation of Rape, Child Molestation

Seen as degrading by virtue ethics; may lead to objectification

what is the Ethical/Moral Evaluation of Pornography

Generally viewed as morally neutral by modern psychology but considered disordered by Catholic natural law

what is the Ethical/Moral Evaluation of Masturbation

Criticized under virtue and deontological ethics; linked to exploitation

what is the Ethical/Moral Evaluation of Prostitution

Morally discouraged in traditional views; more accepted in liberal ethics

what is the Ethical/Moral Evaluation of Premarital Sex

Equality-based ethics supports it; natural law opposes it

what is the Ethical/Moral Evaluation of Same-Sex Marriage

Breach of fidelity, condemned in almost all ethical systems including deontology and virtue ethics

what is the Ethical/Moral Evaluation of Extramarital Affairs

Marriage

a legal and moral contract between two individuals with implications on rights, procreation, family, and society’s stability

Natural Law, Utilitarianism, Social Ethics

Ethical Perspectives of Marriage

Natural Law

Marriage is between a man and woman, ordered to unity and procreation

Utilitarianism

Supports any marital structure that brings long term happiness and stability

Social Ethics

Emphasizes commitment, responsibility, and child rearing

Monogamy, Polygamy, Bigamy, Serial Monogamy

Forms of Marriage (Types)

Monogamy

One partner,

Polygamy

Multiple spouses

Bigamy

Illegal second marriage

Serial Monogamy

Successive legal marriage

Universally supported

Moral View of Monogamy

Accepted in some cultures but debated ethically

Moral View of Polygamy

Deemed unethical and crimina

Moral View of Bigamy

Morally neutral depending on context

Moral View of Serial Monogamy

Premarital Sex, Adultery, Concubinage

Issues on Sex Outside of Marriage

Premarital Sex

Sexual acts before marriage

Adultery

Cheating by a married partne

Concubinage

Cohabitation with a partner while married to another

Viewed as morally wrong in natural law, accepted in liberal and pragmatic ethics

Ethical Lens of Premarital Sex

Immoral by virtue, religious, and deontological ethics

Ethical Lens of Adultery

Legal discrimination in PH law; questioned by feminist ethics

Ethical Lens of Concubinage

Contraception

is the intentional prevention of pregnancy through various methods, devices, or procedures used to interfere with the natural process of conception (fertilization of an egg by a sperm)

Natural and Artificial

Types of Contraception

Accepts only natural methods; condemns artificial contraception

Viewpoint on Contraception in Natural Law

Supports contraception for population control, economic welfare, and reduced unwanted pregnancies

Viewpoint on Contraception in Utilitarianism

Sees contraception as a practical solution to social issues

Viewpoint on Contraception in Pragmatism

Emphasizes reproductive rights and women's autonomy

Viewpoint on Contraception in Feminist Ethics

Natural Law (Aquinas)

Sexuality is ordered toward procreation and unity within marriage. Opposes artificial contraception, homosexual acts, and promiscuity.

Utilitarianism (Mill)

Decisions are ethical if they result in the greatest good. Accepts contraception, same-sex marriage, and sex education to prevent harm

Deontology (Kant)

Sexual acts must treat others as ends, not means. Condemns rape, exploitation, and objectification

Virtue Ethics (Aristotle, MacIntyre)

Ethical sexuality is shaped by virtues like fidelity, temperance, and responsibility

Feminist Ethics

Focuses on equality, autonomy, and the right to choose. Questions patriarchal laws on adultery, abortion, and contraception.