written questions exam 5 zoology

describe the metamorphosis of a tadpole into a adult frog

tadpole hatches with lots of fish characteristics: gills, herbivorous diet, lateral line, finned tail. gills are lost and lungs start to develop. mouth with teeth start to develop, and digestive system shifts to carnivorous, external ears develop. hind limbs develop before front limbs, tail eventually gets reabsorbed

why was the amniotic egg a major evolution trait and how did it change reproduction and colonization?

it allowed for reproduction that is no longer water dependent and allowed for terrestrial adaptions to colonize terrestrial lands

list all the parts of the amniotic egg

water-tight protective shell, albumen, chorion, amnion, yolk sac, allantois

what does the water tight protective shell of amniotic egg do?

gas exchange and protection. in reptiles it is leathery and in birds it is hardened of calcium carbonate

what does the albumen do in the amniotic egg?

provides embryo with water, protein and cushioning

what does the chorion in the amniotic egg do?

it function in gas exchange

what does the amnion in the amniotic egg do?

it provides the internal aquatic environment

what does the yolk sac do in the amniotic egg?

nutrition as lipids and proteins, and blood vessels

what does the allantois do in the amniotic egg?

storing nitrogenous waste and facilitates gas exchange

differences btwn snakes and lizards

1. snakes are secondarily legless and lizards have 4 limbs

2. snakes do not have moveable eyelids (adjust by brining it forward/backward) and lizards have moveable eyelids

3. lizards have external ears and snakes have internal ears

4. snakes shed skin all at once while lizards shed in patches

state the general sex determination for crocodiles, squamata, testudines, and sphenodontia

1. crocodiles = cooler temp is female and warmer is male

2. testudines = warmer female and cooler male

3. squamata = species specifics in both lizards and snakes

4. sphenodontia = cooler is females and warmer is males

descirbe 3 adaptations that allow flight for birds

1. pneumatic bones that allow light skeleton but it is strong/stable

2. most of leg muscles in thigh so center of gravity is closer to middle of body

3. all vertebrae is fused together besides cervical to allow for rigid support

what are benefits of flight in birds

escape from predators, diverse food sources, ability to travel distances

describe amphibians circulatory system

3 chambered heart with 2 atrium and one vesicle. deox enters right atrium, then pumped to ventricle, then pumped to respiratory organ to be oxygenated, then blood pumped to left atrium, pumped into ventricle, the deoxy and oxy blood are mixed and pumped to body

describe reptiles circulatory system and bloodflow

3 chambered heart (besides crocodiles w 4). deoxy blood enters right atrium, the pumped to ventricle, then pumped to lungs to be oxygenated, then pumped to left atrium, then back to ventricle, deoxy and oxy blood mixed but little mixing because partial septum, then oxy blood to aorta then to body

describe birds circulatory system and bloodflow

4 chambered heart. deoxy blood enters right atrium, then to right ventricle, then to lungs to be oxygenated, then to left atrium, then left ventricle, then to aorta then to body

describe birds reproduction

internal fertilization, sperm transferred through cloacal kiss, females are oviparous , have one ovary, and provide a lot of parental care. altricial chicks = hatch blind, require a lot of care. precocial chicks = hatch able to see, feathers, can move around, less care intensive. their gonads change size.

birds excretory system

no urinary bladder, have a cloaca which is a body cavity connected to digestive system, urinary system, and productive system. no liquid waste, urate salts expelled with feces.

birds respiratory system

9 air sacs connected to lungs which the air skips the lungs and goes to these sacs that act as a reservoir for air. birds have to complete 2 inhalation/exhalation cycles for one breathe. 1 inhalation = air goes past lungs to posterior sac. 1 exhalation = the air moves into lungs. 2 inhalation = air goes to anterior sac as new air goes into posterior. 2 exhalation = air leaves body, and new air goes to lungs

describe the 4 ways snakes move

1. concertina - for narrow passages,

2. lateral undulation - most common, s shape movement

3. sidewinding - movement for sand, throws body sideways

4. rectilinear - part of the body lifts up from ground and scootches forwards, for heavy snakes

describe the turtles shell

bony shell that is part of their skeleton, it is overlaid with scales. dorsal shell is called the carapace that includes backbone and ribs. ventral shell is called the plastron. carapace and plastron are connected via bridge of bones between legs

ways snakes kill prey and eat them

through constriction which is wrapping body around prey and suffocating. some snakes are also venomous with either neurotoxins or hemotoxins. they have teeth curved backwards for eating large prey, along with muscle jaws only for larger opening.

name the common 6 types of lizards

1. iguanids - new world, bright colored

2. geckos - nocturnal, large eyes, sticky toe pads

3. skinks - elongated body, fast, small limbs

4. monitors - large predators

5. chameleons - ability to change colors

6. glass lizards - limbless

3 defining characteristics of sphenodontia (tuataras)

1. have a third eye on forehead that covers with skin as they age

2. they live well over 200 years, long to sexually mature

3. upper jaw has 2 rows of teeth and lower has 1 that fits between upper

name the 3 families of crocodilla

alligators and caimans, gharials, and crocodiles

describe the fish and land characteristics tiktaalik had

fish traits included gills, fins, and scales. land traits included rib cage structure, pelvic structure, neck for movement, and front limb bones