Exam 2 animal physiology

Element

Matter that cannot be divided by ordinary chemical processes into another substance

Chemical Symbol

A letter that represents the element.

Subatomic Particles

Protons, electrons, and neutrons are the three types of subatomic particles.

Electrical Charge of Protons

Positive charge.

Electrical Charge of Electrons

Negative charge.

Electrical Charge of Neutrons

No charge; it is neutral.

Nucleus of an Atom

Contains protons and neutrons.

Mixture

Matter combined into a mixture of two or more substances.

Solution

A type of mixture where components can be gas, liquid, or solid, typically a clear liquid.

Colloid

A heterogeneous mixture that contains much larger solutes than those found in solutions.

Suspension

A heterogeneous mixture containing large solutes that settle down at the bottom of the liquid portion.

Compounds vs. Mixtures

Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements join together, while mixtures combine two or more substances.

Molecule

Forms when atoms are joined together by chemical bonds.

Ionic Bond

A bond where electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

Covalent Bond

A bond where atoms share one, two, or three electrons.

Hydrogen Bond

Occurs when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to a high electronegative atom.

Function of Hydrogen Bonds

Functions in molecular stability, structure, and interactions.

Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

Organic compounds contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds, while inorganic compounds rarely contain carbon.

Essential Compounds for Life

Both organic and inorganic compounds are necessary for life.

Inorganic Molecules Important for Life

Water, salt, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

Organic Molecules Important for Life

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbon's Feature for Life Chemistry

Carbon can form four covalent bonds with other atoms.

Functional Group

A specific group of atoms within a molecule that gives the molecule its characteristic chemical properties.

Polar Molecule

Water is called a polar molecule due to the unequal distribution of its electron density.

Four Properties of Water

High specific heat capacity, polarity, adhesion, and cohesion.

Ion vs. Atom

An ion is a positively or negatively charged particle; an atom is a single neutral particle.

Electrolyte

Salts in their ionic form.

Examples of Electrolytes

Potassium, chloride, sodium, magnesium, calcium.

Proton Donor

An acid is known as a proton donor.

pH Measurement

Measures acidity and alkalinity.

pH of 8.5

Basic.

Weak Acid as Buffer

Does not completely ionize in water and stabilizes the solution.

Elements in Carbohydrates

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Simple Sugar

Glucose.

Process Joining Simple Sugars

Dehydration synthesis.

Complex Carbohydrate

Polysaccharide.

Atoms in Lipids

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Lipid Backbone

Carbon makes up the backbone of all lipid molecules.

Polar Lipids

Phospholipids are polar lipids.

Function of Lipids

Used for energy, stored for future energy needs, and act as chemical messengers.

Element in Proteins but not Carbohydrates or Lipids

Nitrogen.

Building Block of Proteins

Amino acids.

Bond Holding Amino Acids Together

Peptide bond.

Peptide Definition

Formed when the carboxyl group of one amino acid links with the amino group of another amino acid via a peptide bond.

Enzyme Function

An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction.

Chromatin

Thread like granules dispersed throughout the nucleus

Cytosol

Gelatinous fluid that contains organelles

Endoplasmic reticulum

Found in the cytoplasm and is a transport system within the cell can be smooth or rough

Golgi apparatus

Processes and packages protein molecules for export

Haploid

1/2 the chromosome number

Inclusions

Nonliving structures within the cytoplasm

Integral proteins

Protein channels within the plasma membrane that allows certain substances to enter the cell

Lysosomes

Membrane structures that contains potent digestive enzymes

Meiosis

Cellular reproductive process that results an offspring with half as many chromosomes as the cell they originated from

Microfilaments

Contractile protein with the ability to shorten; found within cytosol

Microvilli

Finger like folds in the plasma membrane that act increased the surface area for absorption

Mitochondria

Manufacturers energy for cellular use

Mitosis

Cellular reproductive process that result in two daughter cells that are exactly like the cell they originated from

Nucleoli

Assembly site for ribosomal particles found within the nucleus

Nucleus

Control center for cell chromosomes are found within the structure

Organelles

Highly organized subcellular living system

Peroxisomes

Membranous sacs found within the cytoplasm containing oxidase enzymes

Phospholipids

Arranged in two layers in the plasma membrane

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

Label identify and classify epithelial tissue

Stratified squamous epithelium

Where it’s found: areas that are prone to abrasion

Label identify classify cell type

Simple columnar epithelium

Found in the lining of the stomach

Label identify classify cell type

Stratified squamous epithelium

Found in the epidermis of the skin

Label identify classify cell type

Pseudo stratified epithelium

Found in the respiratory tract

Classify the type of exocrine gland

Simple branched alveolar

Classify the type of exocrine gland

Branched alveolar

Classify the type of exocrine gland

Compound alveolar

Classify the type of exocrine gland

Compound tubuloaveolar

Classify the type of exocrine gland

Simple tubular

Classify the type of exocrine gland

Simple coiled tubular

Classify the type of exocrine gland

Simple branched tubular

Classify the type of exocrine gland

Simple alveolar

Cranial nerve l - Olfactory Nerve

Function: sense of smell

Type of nerve: sensory

Cranial Nerve ll - optic nerve

Function: vision

Type of nerve: sensory

Cranial nerve lll - Oculomotor

Function : controls the superior oblique muscles, pupil constriction, and lens shape

Type of nerve : motor

Cranial Nerve V - Trigeminal

Function: sensation of the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing.
Type of nerve: both sensory and motor.

Cranial Nerve VI - Abducens

Function: controls the lateral rectus muscle; responsible for outward gaze.
Type of nerve: motor.

Cranial Nerve VII - Facial

Function: controls facial expressions, taste sensations, and production of saliva and tears.
Type of nerve: both sensory and motor.

Cranial Nerve VIII - Vestibulocochlear

Function: responsible for hearing and balance.
Type of nerve: sensory.

Cranial Nerve IX - Glossopharyngeal

Function: taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue and assists in swallowing.
Type of nerve: both sensory and motor.

Cranial Nerve X - Vagus

Function: regulates heart rate, controls digestive tract, and affects voice.
Type of nerve: both sensory and motor.

Cranial Nerve XI - Accessory

Function: controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles; responsible for head movement and shoulder elevation.
Type of nerve: motor.

Cranial Nerve XII - Hypoglossal

Function: controls tongue movements for speech and swallowing.
Type of nerve: motor.

Cranial Nerve I - Olfactory

Function: sense of smell.
Type of nerve: sensory.