1) collisions culture

beringia

land bridge

dna research

promising field of study

incas, mayans, aztecs

civilizations of the south

incas

largest in the western hemisphere

incas

no written language

used string to communicate

aztecs

human sacrifice in their temples which helped with their expansion

aztecs

aggressive and war-like

mayans and aztecs

made the highest human structure until the 19th century

~7 million

population before columbus

civilizations of the north

complex and varied civilizations

mobile societies

matrilineal

north

last names came from the mother

matrilocal

north

when married, spouses would live with family

gender relations

north

males and females had equal roles

tribal cultures

north

agricultural revolution, hunting, fishing, gathering

ex. mississippians

bows and arrows, mound builders —> cahokia

eastern woodland peoples

north

algonquian, iroquoian, muskogean

europe’s old empires and revival

petty (small) states formed after the roman empire

religious unity replaces political unity (christianity)

mongol empire

genghis khan - creator of mongol empire

kublai khan - granted marco polo a high position and used him as eyes and ears on his travels

marco polo

merchant from venice

brought asian goods back to europe on the silk roads

wrote a book about his travels

influenced columbus

silk road

overland caravan routes through asia

peppercorn, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace

cut off by middle-eastern powers

black death

75-200 million deaths

commerce and nationalism

buying and selling products on a large scale

appearance of nation states

protugal, spain, england, france, netherlands (soon)

not yet: germany, italy

portuguese exploration

prince henry - “the navigator” (made and promoted expeditions)

used the astrolabe - used to determine latitude

other inventions

medieval ships, caravels (triangular sails), caravels with lateen sails (developed by arabs)

bartholomew diaz

first european to get to the southern tip of africa by sail

explores the west coast of africa - cape of good hope

5 years before columbus

vaco de gama

first european to get to india and southeast asia (spice sialnds) by sail

calicut, india

christopher columbus

king ferdinand and queen isabella sponsor his voyage

first voyage was in 1492 - not to prove the earth was round

made 4 voyages in total

1507

americas first appearance on a map

columbus’ reason for exploration

religious - reconquista

to reconquer in the name of Christ and spain

ferdinand magellan

first to sail all around the world

found that the gulf of mexico is not the way to china

bartolome de las casas

kept up with columbus’ voyages

wrote in defense of the indians and history of the indies

the conquistadores

ponce de leon, balboa at the pacific, cortes, prancisco pizarro

ponce de leon

governor of puerto rico

fountain of youth - eternal life

slaves and eternal labor

st agustine

earliest permanent setttlement by europeans in north america - spanish

balboa at the pacific

led the first expedition across the isthmus pf panama

cortes

conquered the aztecs

had superior technology and equipment like guns, horses, armor

brought disease (smallpox), allies, and used psychology

aztecs thought cortes was god and greeted him

quetzalcoatl

moctezuma observes comet __

primary objective

to get to china and india

tenochtitlan

great metropolis of aztec capital

francisco pizarro

same situation as cortes but with the incas, which resisted

led to a search for treasure, brutality and greed

spanish america

treaty of tordesillas

catholic missions

treaty of tordesillas

represented the church’s views on the global place of religion

empire at high tide

spains vast empire - their hold grows stronger

rigid royal control

collision of cultures

columbian exchange

biological and cultural exchanges

brought animals, plants, and diseases

siginifcant items exchanged

the wheel, gunpowder, slaves and slavery

caused a demographic catastrophe

biological and cultural exchanges

delibrate subjugation and extermination

new crops and agricultural techniques

complex racial hierarchy (full-blood was superior than any other race)

reasons for intermarriage

varied labor systems (forced natives to work, some were successful, some werent)

african societies that europeans encountered

ghana and mali, benin, congo, songhay

were all matrilineal societies (women were superior to men, europeans thought that was ungodly)

growth of the african slave trade

was worse in the carribean and brazil

the french in america (new france)

came after the spanish due to religious problems in france

economy was based on fur-trading - coureurs des bois (captured game)

made significantly less settlements than the spanish that were basically trading posts

mostly men

the dutch in america

families came to settle

formed 2 settlements: new amsterdam (biggest), new netherland

henry hudson

reformation

beginning of roman breakup from the roman catholic church

martin luther

catholic munk

wrote the 95 theses (complaints)

formed the lutherans

john calvin

french lawyer who was influenced by luther

goes to geneva after being expelled from france

forms calvinists - predestination

were typically hard workers to show that they are saved

predestination

God knows everything

henry the 8th

breaks from rome

outcomes of reformation

destroyed religious unity, empahsized value of individuals, placed high value on education and literacy

planted the seed for the idea of democracy

the religious incentive for migration to america

puritans / separatists - both were calvinists

puritan discontent

puritans

wanted to purify the english church

separatists

plymouth, mayflower, pilgrims

wanted to separate from the church because they thought it would be “stained” forever

commercial incentive for migration to america

enclosure movement - open land was made more privately

rising cost of food

chartered companies - allowed a place to settle

mercantilism - gold coming in = good, gold coming out = bad

shaped european imperial policy

the english in ireland

subjugation of ireland

plantation model - aggressive towardss native americans, forced settlement

the reigns of james and charles the firsts

religious and economic pressures

strong motives for migrating to america

roanoke - 1585

first english colony in north america

the lost colony

new colonial charters