Hon. Chemistry Russo Semester II Review 2025

Flashcards for concepts in Reactions, Moles, Stoichiometry, Electrochemistry, Gases, Molarity, Acids and Bases

Types of Equations

A type of chemical equation that is complete, balanced, and identified by its reaction type (synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, or combustion).

Net Ionic Equations

Equations showing soluble ionic compounds breaking up into separate ions with charges.

Predicting Reactions Based on Solubility Rules

If both products are soluble, a reaction will not occur; if one or two products are insoluble, a net ionic equation can be written.

1 Mole

6.022 x 10^23 particles (molecules, atoms, ions)

Atom Economy

A method for determining the efficiency of a reaction; a lower atom economy is less efficient than a higher one. It is calculated as (mass of desired product / total mass of all products) x 100.

% Composition

The percentage by mass of the elements in a compound, calculated as (mass of element / mass of formula) x 100.

Empirical Formulas

Smallest ratio of elements in a compound.

Stoichiometry

Using a balanced equation to calculate the amounts of substances involved in a chemical reaction.

Limiting Reagent

The reactant that will make the least amount of product.

% Yield

(Actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100

Activity Series (EMF Series)

Series to compare metals with metals or nonmetals with nonmetals to predict if a reaction will occur.

OIL RIG

Oxidation is loss of electrons, reduction is gain of electrons.

Anode

Electrons are lost here.

Cathode

Cations are reduced here.

Electron Flow

The direction of electron flow in an electrochemical cell.

Cell Potentials

Positive cell potentials indicate a spontaneous reaction.

Gas Laws

Combined gas law: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2. Ideal gas law: PV = nRT. Partial pressures: PT = P1 + P2 + …

Solution

Homogeneous mixture.

Solute

Present in smaller amount in a solution.

Solvent

Present in larger amount in a solution.

Molarity (M)

Moles of solute / liter of solution

Dilution

M1V1 = M2V2 (used when diluting a higher molarity solution to a lower molarity)

Colligative Properties

Properties that depend on the amount of material present, not its identity (boiling point elevation, freezing point depression).

pH Scale

Acids typically range from 0 to 7, bases from 7 to 14, pH of 7 is neutral.

pH Formula

-log [H3O+]

Equivalence Point

Titration is used to find this point (where moles of acid = moles of base).

Buffers

Solutions that resist pH change.