essential chemicals in the body

oxygen

found in water and needed for cellular respiration (energy production)

carbon

backbone of all organic molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

hydrogen

found in water and organic molecules; helps regulate pH balance

nitrogen

major component of proteins and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

calcium

needed for bones, teeth, muscle contraction, and nerve signaling

phosphorus

component of bones, teeth, ATP (energy molecule), and nucleic acids

sulfur

found in some proteins (like keratin in hair and nails)

sodium

maintains fluid balance and helps nerve/muscle function

chlorine

part of hydrochloric acid in stomach; helps fluid balance

magnesium

involved in enzyme function and muscle/nerve activity

water

makes up ~60–70% of body weight; vital for chemical reactions, temperature regulation, and transport of substances

carbohydrates

main energy source for cells.

lipids

store energy, form cell membranes, and protect organs

proteins

build and repair tissues; act as enzymes and hormones

nucleic acids

store and transmit genetic information

hormones

chemical messengers that regulate processes

enzymes

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

vitamins

organic molecules needed in small amounts for health

minerals

inorganic elements for structural and regulatory roles (e.g., iron in hemoglobin, zinc for enzymes)