Exam 1 (Ch 1&2) Lecture

Anatomy

study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

physiology

study of the function of body; how body parts work to carry out life-sustaining activities

gross macroscopic anatomy

study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

regional anatomy

looks at all structures in a particular area of the body

system anatomy

looks at just one system

surface anatomy

looks at internal structures that can be seen through skin

microscopic anatomy

structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

palpate

feel organs with hands

auscultate

listen to organs with a stethoscope

study of physiology is based on

organ systems

principal of complementarity means

function always reflects structure

Organize the body smallest to largest

1. atom

2. molecule

3. cells

4. tissue

5. organ

6. organ system

7. organism

Name 11 organ systems

integumentary

skeletal

muscular

nervous

endocrine

cardiovascular

lymphatic

respiratory

digestive

urinary

reproductive

What makes up the Integumentary System?

hair, skin, nails

What makes up the skeletal System?

joint and bones

What makes up the muscular System?

skeletal muscles

What makes up the nervous System?

brain, spinal cord, nerves

What makes up the endocrine System?

glands and hormones

What makes up the cardiovascular System?

heart, blood vessels, capillaries

What makes up the lymphatic System?

red bone marrow, thymus, lympathic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes

What makes up the respiratory System?

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus

What makes up the digestive System?

oral cavity, esophagus, large intestine, liver, stomach, small intestine, rectum, anus

What makes up the urinary System?

kidney, ureter, urinary bladdar, erethra

What makes up the reproductive System?

prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, dectus deferens, mammary glands, uterus, vagina, ovary, uterine tube

Necessary life functions

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism,exretion, reproduction, growth

Interrelationships

survival needs

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, appropriate atmosphere pressure

homeostasis

the maintance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the environment

homeostasis is a ____ feedback

negative

negative feedback

Response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus

Variable changes in opposite direction of initial change, bringing it back to its set point

positive feedback

–Response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

–Variable changes in the same direction of initial change

axial part

head neck trunk

appendicular part

legs and arms

Anterior Anatomical

Posterior Anatomical

sagittal body plane

–Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

Frontal coronal plane

–Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior parts (back)

Transverse plane

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (top) and inferior parts (bottom)

oblique section

cuts in the body at angles

Dorsal body cavity contains which sub cavities

cranial cavity

vertebral cavity

ventral body cavity contains 2 sub- divisions

thoracic cavity (two pleural cavities and mediastinum

abdominopelvic cavity

Membrane in ventral body cavity

serosa- –Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity

▪Parietal serosa lines cavity walls

▪Visceral serosa covers organs (viscera) in the cavity

Pleura

–Parietal pleurae line pleural cavities; visceral pleurae cover the lungs; contain pleural fluid

peritoneum

–Parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity; visceral peritoneum covers most of the organs in that cavity and contains peritoneal fluid

pericardium

–Parietal pericardium lines the pericardial cavity; visceral pericardium covers the heart; contains pericardial fluid

Nine Abdominopelvic Regions

matter

anything that has mass and occupies space

States of matter

1. solid- definite shape and vol

2. liquid- changeable shape, definite vol

3. gas- changeable shape and vol

energy

the capacity to do work or put matter into motion

Kinetic vs. potential

kinetic- energy in motion

potential- stored energy

chemical energy

stored in bonds of chemical substances

electrical energy

results from movement of changed particles

mechanical energy

directly involved in moving matter

radiant or electromagnetic energy

travels in waves

all matter is composed of

elements

four elements make up 96% of the human body

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen

elements composing the human body: Oxygen symbol and function

O, need for the production of cellular energy ATP

elements composing the human body: Carbon symbol and function

C, component of all organic molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

elements composing the human body: Hydrogen symbol and function

H, a component of all organic molecules, as an ion H influences pH of body fluids

elements composing the human body: Nitrogen symbol and function

N, A component of proteins and nucleic acids

elements composing the human body: Calcium symbol and function

Ca, found as a salt in bones and teeth, ionic formed is required for muscle contraction conduction of nerve impulses and blood clotting.

elements composing the human body: Phosphorous symbol and function

P, part of calcium phosphate salts in bones and teeth, also present in nucleic acids, and part of ATP and phospholipids

elements composing the human body: Oxygen symbol and function

O, both organic and inorganic molecules, needed for the production of ATP

elements composing the human body: Potassium symbol and function

K, major positive ion in cells, necessary for muscle contraction and nerve impulses

elements composing the human body: Sulfur symbol and function

S, component of proteins (muscles)

elements composing the human body: sodium symbol and function

Na, major positive ion found in extracellular fluids, important for water balance conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction

elements composing the human body: Chlorine symbol and function

Cl, ionic form is most abundant negative ion in extracellular fluids

elements composing the human body: magnesium symbol and function

Mg, present in bone and important cofactor in metabolic reactions

elements composing the human body: Iodine symbol and function

I, needed to make functional thyroid hormones

elements composing the human body: iron symbol and function

Fe, component of hemoglobin and some enzymes

atoms

unique building blocks of each element

proton

positive charge, weigh one amu

electron

negative charge, weigh 0

neutron

no charge, weigh 1 amu

planetary model vs. orbital model

planetary- simplified and outdated because it incorrectly depicts electrons in orbits, fixed circular paths

Orbital model: current model used that depicts orbitals, probable regions where an electron is most likely to be located (rather than fixed orbits)

atomic number

number of protons, subscript left of element bottom

mass number

total protons and neutrons, subscript left of element top

isotopes

different number of neutrons

atomic weight

average mass of all isotopes of an atom

radioisotopes

isotopes that decompose to more stable forms

molecule vs. compound

molecule- two or more atoms bonded together (O2)

can be heterogeneous or homogeneous

compound- two or more different atoms bonded together (H2O)

can be only homogeneous

mixture def and kinds

mixture- two or more components that are physically intermixed

kinds: solutions, colloids, suspensions

solutions

homogeneous mixtures, particles are evenly distributed

solvent vs. solute

solvent- greatest amount, doing the dissolving

solute- smallest amount, being dissolved

universal solvent

water

molarity

is a number of moles of solute per liter of solvent

Avogadro’s number

6.02×10²³

Colloids (emulsions)

heterogeneous mixtures (particles are not evenly distributed)

ex. cytosol of cell

suspensions

heterogeneous mixtures that contain large visible solutes that do not settle

can separate

free radicals

highly reactive atoms containing one or more unpaired electrons in the outermost shell causing the atoms to gain or loose or share electrons with other atoms to gain stability

ionic bonds

atoms that have gained or lost electrons to become charged

anion- negative

cation- positive

covalent bonds

formed by sharing valence electrons between 2 atoms

polar- unequal sharing

dipole- 2 different charges (water)

electronegative

nonpolar- equal sharing

hydrogen bonds

attractive forces between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule

which bonds are strongest or weakest

covalent > Ionic > Hydrogen

synthesis and anabolic

atoms or molecules that are combining to form bigger

building processes

decomposition and catabolic

breakdown of molecules into smaller parts

bond breaking processes

exchange or displacement reactions

bonds are made and broken

Redox LEO GER

reduction- gain electrons

oxidation- lose electrons

exergonic vs. endergonic

exergonic- net release of energy, give off, exit

catabolic and oxidative

endergonic- net absorption of energy, use up, enter

anabolic

catalysts

increase the rate of reaction without being chemically change or being part of product

enzyme